The homogenization theory was used to discuss the rigidity of the trabecular bone. The rigidity of the trabecular bone depended fundamentally on the length and the density of the microcracks. The rigidity in three directions decreased at the same rate as the density of the microcracks increases, which affectd the elastic modulus E in the direction perpendicular to microcrack most deeply.The extended direction of microcrack also affectd the rigidity of the trabecular bone. The mechanical characteristic of cancellous bone depended on the microstructure and the mechanical characteristic of the trabecular bone. The damage of cancellous bone mainly depended on the damage of trabecular bone and distribution of the microcracks on trabecular bone.

Through the analysis of the feasible solution of the linear programming,the sensitivity analysis of DEA-DA on linear assumption in the errors of sampled observations was discussed. Using the properties of base solution vectors of the linear restriction equations, a condition to maintain the same discriminant result between the sampled observations of changed and unchanged was obtained: the disturbed row vector of sampled observations was satisfied all linear equations whose coefficients were the base solution vectors of linear restriction equations. And some properties of discriminant functions were given.

The bending deformations of piezoelectric laminated plates subjected to combined applied voltage and loads were analyzed by using the proposed rectangular bending element. The correctness and efficiency of the element were verified by comparing the results with the data published in literatures. Also, the effects of the different ply angles of laminated plates (the unbalanced laminated plates) on the bending deformations of piezoelectric laminated plates were investigated. Finally, the deformations with partially debonding of piezoelectric actuators were studied. Based on the calculating results, it is found that the different area debonding between the actuator and the base plates may have significant effect on the composite plate bending deformations. The control ability of piezoelectric actuators might be lost in certain cases.

Tire structure unsymmetry results in conicity and ply-steering, and has significant influence on tire mechanical behavior. Taking the tire conicity and ply-steering into account is very important to develope tire empirical or semi-empirical model from tire experimental data. In this paper, the effects of conicity and ply-steering on tire force and moment characteristics were investigated in detail, the concept of equivalent slip and camber angles were introduced, and corresponding identification procedure was presented. It is concluded that introduction of the effective input of tire model is the reasonable approach to consider structure unsymmetry effect on tire modeling.

Applying the hypothesis of steady preview and dynamic correction to research of the vehicle adaptive cruise control (ACC) system, a vehicle ACC system architecture and the corresponding control algorithm was developed based on driver optimal preview acceleration model from the viewpoint of driver handling behavior modeling. The theoretic analysis and the simulation results indicate that the application of the theory of driver handling behavior modeling to the research of vehicle ACC system based on the analysis of driver handling behavior characteristic is a feasible approach for vehicle ACC system development.

The LMedSquare(Least Median Square) was used to estimate the parameters instead of Least Square one to fit road curve.Comparing the results of two algorithm, the present algorithm is immune to noise.The process is more robust,and the result is more accurate than that obtained by the Least Square.

Clutch characters vary largely during the series production and the longtime running because of wear. A clutch control method based on pressure control was suggested to solve these problems. Independent from the manufacture tolerance and running wear,this method controls directly the torque transferred by the clutch,and improves the clutch control quality of AMT effectively. This is helpful for the series production conformity of the AMT.

The development of the traction control system based on the rapid prototyping was introduced. In order to shorten the development cycle, the rapid prototyping technique, including the computer simulation, the hardware-in-loop simulation and the road test, was suggested.A prototype of control algorithm for traction control system was designed and a vehicle dynamic model of acceleration are established. After the hardware of control system had been made, a development platform for the rapid prototyping was built. The traction control system was developed for a light duty bus rapidly by the suggested technique.

The coarse coal powder separator of the coal supply system of Hunjiang power plant boiler No.3 was modified improve the separating efficiency and reduce the flow resistance. The modification was summarized as: at the upper part, 36 slices of barriers were added in stead of original radial barriers; at the lower part, two rows of inertial separating plank (8 slices per row) were added.The gas-solid two-phase flow simulation by means of CFD software FLUENT6.0 was performed for original construction and modified one. The flow field, the powder volume fraction distribution and the pressure field were simulated. Numerical simulation was verified by in-situ test data and the results show that the separator construction modification is successful: the separating efficiency increases by more than 20%,the flow resistance reduces by about 500 Pa.Taking the No.3 boiler as an example, if the boiler works 6000h per year, the electricity of 1.8 million kW·h can be saved,that is equivalent to 450000 RMB.

In order to improve automotive diesel engine smoke emission under transient operating conditions, effect of two kinds of turbo-chargers GT35 and TBP4 on smoke emission was investigated. Results show that diesel engine smoke emission is improved with turbo-charger GT35, especially under low speed-increasing torque and heavy load-increasing speed transient operating conditions. Under other transient operating conditions, transient smoke emission of engine with turbo-charger GT35 are lower than those with turbo-chargerTBP4. But air/fuel ratio, torque and fuel consumption parameters of turbo-charger GT35 are inferior to those of turbo-charger TBP4 under high speed-full load operating conditions.

In the light of significant energy losing during the hydraulic excavator working, a dynamic system was made up from the diesel engine,the variable pump,the control valve and the load to cut down the losing energy from a systematic approach based on the control characteristics of the system elements.An electronic fuzzy control scheme for energy saving was presented.Taking advantage of the good points of the fuzzy control adjusting the flow rate of the pump according to the variation of the external load by fuzzy inference,the energy saving of the excavator is accomplished without the help of the modelling of its whole complex system.

Based on the study on the ultrasonic vibration suspension and the anti-friction theory,a new kind of bearing-ultrasonic vibration suspension bearing was suggested which uses the ultrasonic vibration to form the suspended support and the dynamic pressure lubrication.The suspended clearance between the radiation surface of the piezoelectric ceramic vibrator and the suspended object was measured and the friction coefficient of the bearing was investigated.The performance of the ultrasonic bearing was compared with that of the traditional plain bearing and rolling bearing.Results show that ultrasonic vibration has the ability of suspending object.Under constant revolutions per minute,the bigger the vibration amplitude of the radiation surface,the bigger the suspended clearance.The anti-friction behavior of the ultrasonic vibration bearing is better than that of other bearings.

Based on the dynamic explicit finite element scheme, the forming forces in the sheet metal multi-point forming (MPF) process were formulated.The forming forces for three typical shapes,i.e.cylindrical,spherical,and saddle surface of different materials with different thickness were simulated.The variation histories of the forming force were analyzed.The results indicate that the forming force becomes larger and larger along with the increase contacting punch number during the forming process.The forming force increases evidently with the sheet thickness and the relatively large forming force is needed if the material is stiffer.The forming force for the object with the surface of double curvature is obviously larger than that with single curvature due to the deformation of the former is more complex than that of the latter.These results are significant for choosing MPF press and controlling MPF process to alleviate forming defects.

When we use the machine vision to monitor the driving behavior of a driver,identifying the mouth state is one of the key technologies. In fact, when a driver drives in a normal, talking or dozing state, his/her mouth opening degree is quite different. Based on this fact,the driver mouth contour and locality were extracted by a Fischer classifier to form a mouth region geometric feature group as eigenvalues.The eigenvalues made up an eigenvector as the input of a three-level BP neural network which might give the output in one of three above-mentioned spirit states.The experiment results show that this new method can monitor the driver mouth region accurately and quickly.

A virtual sound intensity analysis system was developed from the LabVIEW software development platform based on the fundamental principle of complex sound intensity measurement.Developed software of the analysis system was debugged and its measuring accuracy and margin of error were calibrated.Experiment results show that developed virtual system is characterized by high accuracy,stable performance,low cost,easy operation,and is comparable with equivalent system abroad.Location and identification of noise radiated from the surfaces of an engine were performed successfully by means of developed system.

An experimental research has been taken on heat efficiency,startup behavior,isothermal characteristics of a vacuum phase change heating system using a new kind of compound working medium.The results show that each target is superior to traditional heating system:the heat efficiency is higher by 20%,the operating cost is lower by 50%, the system starts quicker, the isothermal characteristic is better.

Based on the comparison among the characteristics of different neural networks, a neural network model for optimizing machining parameters was proposed through the analysis of the errors reflecting phenomena in machining.Such a kind of neural network model having been trained can be used to determine the required process times and the process redundancy of each time when process conditions and process requirements are given. The machining parameters are optimized in this way.

A contactless detection system for the conical thread with the digital imaging processing technology was presented. The system used image manipulation method to measure geometrical parameters, including binary image production, edge detection, contour hunting and the thread geometrical parameter calculation. Sizes of a conical thread detected by suggected method were given, and the feasibility and correctness of the method were validated theoretically and practically.

An electric-hydraulic proportional control over cannon hydrostatic driving system was developed.Analysis,modeling and simulation were performed on the electric-hydraulic proportional variable-capacity pump and variable-displacement motor system.The concordance between the output pressure-flow curve and the target constant power curve was validated through tests on cannon hydrostatic driving system,revealing that the self-regulation function of cannon driving system comes true.It is possible to achieve speed induced control by ECU and to enhance the efficiency of driving system.As an example of hydrostatic pressure driving system for military vehicles,numerical simulation and measured results indicate that application of hydrostatic driving system leads to significant energy-saving and cannon weight reduction,thus improving cannon maneuverability in fighting and transfering.

Using the fuzzy theory, the optimum design for structural parameters of spiral cutting drum of shearer was discussed.A mathematic model for optimization design and design variables were established,when loading performance of the drum was select as the aim of optimum design.At the same time restriction conditions, such as breaking model of coal wall,rotation speed of the spiral cutting drum,rise angle of the helical blade,and so on, and subjection functions were selected.The fuzzy optimum design problem for structural parameters of spiral cutting drum of shearer was changed into non-fuzzy problem using the optimal level cut method,then the normal optimum design method could be used.The design results may make to suit the pratical situation,thus increasing the working efficiency of the drum shearers.

Based on the failure data of a computer numerical control (CNC) system in one and a half year, the failure positions and failure causes of the CNC system were analyzed. The frequent failure position, feed servodrive unit, was investigated in detail. It is found that the main failure cause of CNC system is breakage of components and the reliability design for the feed driving control board should be done.The corresponding improvement measures are put forward to provide a basis for the reliability design and analysis of CNC system.

The model of the failure probability distribution was obtained by applying total failure time method for the numerical control punch. Through the graphic and analytic method, its model of fitting was verified qualitatively and quantitatively. The optimum distribution model was determined as Weibull distribution, providing a theoretical basis for the failure analysis and prediction, and reliability enhancement of the numerical control machine tools.

The effect of delayed-time on gas fingering was investigated.Combining the numerical simulation with the experiment, the change of the delayed-time was used to measure the change of the gas fingering behaviors. The experiment results are in agreement with that obtained by the numerical simulation.Results show that gas fingering behavior decreases as delayed-time increases.

Adhesion of ice to surfaces creates problems for many industries, including aviation, hydropower, telecommunications, navigation, electrical distribution, and all forms of transportation. At present, ice removal techniques are both costly and time-consuming. In an effort to reduce the cost, time, and physical labor associated with ice removal, much research on ice adhesion has been done. Of the three methods--electrical, chemical, and mechanical, the search for a low adhesive coating or material has by far received the most attention of any method pursued for lowering ice's adhesive strength. The adhesive strength of the Q235 steel sheets with coatings of different content PTFE to ice were measured by self-designed and manufactured experiment apparatus.The results show that the Q235 steel sheet with PTFE particle coating has lower adhesive strengths than that without coating at any temperatures. The hydrophobic PTFE particle content has an important effect on adhesive value at freezing condition, and among the coatings with PTFE mass fraction of 30%,60%,80%,and 90%,the one with 60% mass fraction shows minimum adhesion.Air entrapment into ice to substrate interface and cohesive failure of the substrate coating produce major reduction in ice adhesion.The two main factors affecting the ice adhesion freezing strength are substrate material chemical property and surface microstructure or morphology.

A full-order proportional-integral observer is designed based on LMI(Linear matrix inequality) and a control law with fault compensation and disturbance rejection is proposed. In an L₂-gain sense of the disturbance, an action of disturbance rejection is included in the observer in order to suppress the effect of disturbance on the estimation of state and satisfy the given H_∞ performance. Then in the case of existing of both faults and disturbances, a hybrid control law is designed, which consists of actions of both fault estimation and disturbance rejection, to make the system track the given reference model. Thus in the case of fault, the system not only can give fault estimation, but also keep the system perform well and prevent the control performance worsening. At last, an illustrative design example is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) principle and main characteristics of Rational Unified Process(RUP) and core workflow in ERP software analysis was briefly introduced.Taking the development of the fixed assets management subsystem in an enterprise ERP software as an example,the practical application of RUP was presented,and the results demonstrates that the development idea of RUP for the large scale software development is correct and effective.

The principle of RS error correction code and its application in two-dimensional bar code PDF417 was introduced, and a method of encoding and decoding in GF(929) was discussed in detail with an example.Meanwhile,an error correction coding and decoding table-checking method suitable to PDF417 was proposed,which could decide any code corresponding to the power of the element in GF(929).Using this method,the rapid and efficient computation for the coefficients of the generating polynomial and syndrome polynomials can be conducted.

A supervision and sorting technique on the basis of statistical pattern recognition by using color as characteristic space was proposed according to the properties of plant disease image.Real color binarylization segmentation to the color image was carried out through applying Fisher criterion.The experimental result shows that this segmentation method possesses high speed with high accuracy and is effective in plant disease image segmentation and processing.

Two methods for evaluating the capacities of shared through and left turn lanes from"1994 US highway capacity manual"and"design criteria of city street in China" under various lane configuration,through and left turn volumes, and traffic signal timings were comparatively analyzed.Results show that when the left turn volume increases, the total traffic volume of shared through and left turn lanes decreases correspondingly.When the traffic signal period increases from 60s to 90s,the approach traffic capacity decreases under constant effective split.For constant total split,traffic capacity with long signal period increases slightly.When the left turn volume exceeds a threshold,the traffic demand will exceed capacity on the approach.In order to solve the problem,the signal phase design should be improved, including to implement a left turn protective phase.

The models for the relationship between vehicle velocity and fuel consumption both for expressway and ordinary road was developed using the method of example comparison between Chang-Ping expressway and the corresponding segment of No.102 state-owned highway.The fuel consumption correction coefficients of different vehicle types under different longitudinal slopes were given and the fuel consumptions of different vehicle types under same speed were compared.The results indicate that the fuel consumption per 100 km of expressway is always lower than that of general ordinary highway under same speed regardless of the type of vehicle.The higher the rehicle speed,the bigger the fuel consumption difference.The research results offer the basic data for transportation cost accounting and further financial analysis.

The edible coating changes the surface properties of fruits and may prolong its shelf-life. The effects of the presence of palmitic acid and glycerin, in varying mass fractions on the oxygen and water vapor permeability of corn starch based edible coatings were examined. The coatings, with various compositions, were applied to coat tomato for antistaling. It is found from the analysis of these coated tomatoes that the coatings containing grease and plasticizing agent distinctly affect the permeability. The carbohydrate loss and the mass loss of coated tomatoes are significantly less than that of uncoated tomatoes.

The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance(HLB) value of monoglyceride and the oil-water system were determined in contrast to standard emulsifier.Taking the molecular structure peculiality of the emulsifier into account,the emulsifier pairs were chosen based on the HLB value,and the effects of the emulsifier pairing,the HLB value,and emulsifier amount on the emulsion stability and their mechanisms were studied.The diversity of emulsifier pairing was explored,and the optimized emulsifier formula for w/o type emulsion of soyabean salad oil are that the mass fraction of monoglyceride is 83.3%, the mass fraction of span80 is 16.7%,and the mass fraction of emulsifier in the emulsion is 5%.

The breaking-extracting method was proposed by which the ganoderma lucidum spores can be broken and its components can be extracted in one step. The details of broken ganoderema lucidum spores in the process were described. The optimum conditions to extract the polysaccharide of ganoderma lucidum spores are: water solution of 5% alcohol as the solvent, treating 5 minutes with ultrasonic wave, processing pressure is 400 MPa and hold this pressure for 5 minutes.

The flood control investment can not only change the land property, but also transform the original useless land into usable.In order to grasp the variation history of the land utilization caused by investment, taking the flood control investment for a certain river as an example, a land utilization model to reflect the variation of land utilization was established. In the light of the concrete conditions of a flood control investment, simplifying the social structure into families and land holders, specifying the expecting indirect utility function as the charming-degree index for land selection, the land demand and the land rent were solved by means of the proposed model. The feasibility and reasonableness of the model was discussed with a calculation example.

The current canal leakproof techniques and their features, as well as the present status of the mechanized canal building at home and abroad were summarized. Comparisons were made between these techniques in respect of the leakpsoof effect and the building economy. It was demonstrated that the plastic filming is an ideal anti-seepage measure for the small-and middle-sized canals under the current economic conditions in China. The technological process for canal building with mechanized plastic filming was proposed and its key links and implementation scheme were indicated. The proposed technology of anti-seepage plastic filming can not only be used independently, but also be combined as a basis with other anti-seepage measures to achieve better results in water transport canal anti-seepage and anti-freezing, providing a basis for development of domestic water-saving agricultural field machineries.

The mechanism and distinguishing features of the ohmic heating technology were introduced and the research progress and the existing problems about its application in the food processing industry were described. The development of the food ohmic heating technology and its future trend were predicted.

Some important aspects about UWB such as its principles, characteristics, and key techniques were introduced, and current research achievements were also analyzed and summarized.In addition, its benefits, limitations, and technical challenges for UWB systems were discussed. As a new wireless transmission technology, UWB has many obvious advantages, for example simple transmission structure and high spectral efficiency. But it also has some unsolved problems such as pulse signal generation, signal modulation, receive signal detection and so on. Moreover, the constitution of corresponding physical protocol and network protocol has still been main obstacle to the commercial realization of USB.On the basis of our analysis to the existing problems, the important challenges and development direction for UWB technology were proposed.