吉林大学学报(工学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (6): 1817-1833.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20240763

• 综述 •    下一篇

锂离子电池老化后性能变化研究进展

宋学伟1,2(),于泽平1,肖阳1,2(),王德平3,袁泉4,李欣卓1,郑迦文1   

  1. 1.吉林大学 汽车工程学院，长春 130022
    2.吉林大学 汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室，长春 130022
    3.中国第一汽车集团有限公司 研发总院，长春 130022
    4.宁波工程学院 机械工程系，浙江 宁波 315336
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-10 出版日期:2025-06-01 发布日期:2025-07-23
  • 通讯作者: 肖阳 E-mail:sxw@jlu.edu.cn;xiaoy2016@jlu.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:宋学伟（1972-），男，教授，博士.研究方向：电动汽车碰撞安全性.E-mail：sxw@jlu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家科技部高端外国专家引进计划项目(G2021129008L);一汽-大众中华环境保护基金会汽车环保创新引领计划项目;汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室开放基金项目(20210235)

Research progress on the performance changes of lithium⁃ion batteries after aging

Xue-wei SONG1,2(),Ze-ping YU1,Yang XIAO1,2(),De-ping WANG3,Quan YUAN4,Xin-zhuo LI1,Jia-wen ZHENG1   

  1. 1.College of Automotive Engineering，Jilin University，Changchun 130022，China
    2.State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control，Jilin University，Changchun 130022，China
    3.Research and Development Institute，China FAW Group Corporation Limited，Changchun 130022，China
    4.Department of Mechanical Engineering，Ningbo University of Technology，Ningbo 315336，China
  • Received:2024-07-10 Online:2025-06-01 Published:2025-07-23
  • Contact: Yang XIAO E-mail:sxw@jlu.edu.cn;xiaoy2016@jlu.edu.cn

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摘要：

为厘清国内外对电池老化后机械、电、热性能变化的研究现状，能够为电池性能预测和试验设计提供参考，将电池老化与电池性能联系在一起，总结了电池老化的内在机理，梳理了电池在正常老化和非正常老化条件下的性能变化，探讨了各类性能参数在老化后的变化特性。从电池组件和电池单体2个层面入手，发现锂离子电池的机械性能随老化有不同程度衰减；从电池的容量和阻抗变化等方面入手，描述老化电池使用性能的降低；以热失控特征温度作为电池热安全性能指标，说明老化电池热安全性变化；最后对电池性能研究的未来发展方向进行了展望。

关键词: 车辆工程, 锂离子电池, 电池老化, 电池性能, 性能参数, 综述

Abstract:

To clarify the current research status of mechanical， electrical， and thermal performance changes of batteries after aging at home and abroad， and to provide reference for battery performance prediction and experimental design， battery aging is linked to battery performance. The internal mechanism of battery aging is summarized， and the performance changes of batteries under normal aging and abnormal aging conditions are sorted out. The characteristics of various performance parameters after aging are explored. From the perspectives of battery components and individual cells， it was found that the mechanical properties of lithium-ion batteries deteriorate to varying degrees with aging； Starting from the changes in battery capacity and impedance， describe the decrease in performance of aging batteries； Using the characteristic temperature of thermal runaway as an indicator of battery thermal safety performance， explain the changes in thermal safety of aging batteries； Finally， the future development direction of battery performance research was discussed.

Key words: vehicle engineering, lithium-ion batteries, battery aging, battery performance, performance parameters, review

中图分类号: 

  • U469.7

图1

老化对电池性能的影响"

图2

锂电池日历老化原理示意图"

图3

锂电池循环老化的3个阶段"

表1

影响老化电池机械性能的因素"

因素影响参考文献
组件材料不同材料组成的电极与隔膜的强度不同，将直接影响电池机械性能［52-54］
电池类型电池的外形参数不同使其损伤容限不同，在老化影响下机械性能变化规律也不同［55-57］
SOC高SOC电池可表现出更好的抗变形能力，但当超过一定范围的过充电与过放电时，电池强度会加速降低［53，58-63］
循环次数随循环次数增加，内部结构会发生改变，同时产生疲劳损伤，使机械性能下降［53，64，65］
外部载荷适当的外部压力可使老化均匀，延缓性能衰减，但在滥用下会破坏电池结构，加速性能衰减［15，66-69］
环境温度过高的温度使电池材料软化，而过低的温度则使电池脆化，二者都会影响力学稳定性［14，70，71］
充放电倍率较大充放电倍率会加大电池的应力和应变，降低机械性能［72，73］

图4

NCA电池电极老化前后微观形态［74］"

图5

不同类型冲头下电池峰值力和最大侵入深度"

表2

影响老化电池电性能的因素"

因素影响参考文献
阳极类型常用的石墨阳极理论容量较低；加入硅颗粒的阳极可增加能量密度，但在循环过程中会产生较大变形，缩短使用寿命；锂金属阳极使用时容易与电解液反应［4，6，28］
存储与使用条件随着存储和使用时间的延长，电性能会慢慢发生衰减，非正常的温度、湿度等条件都会加速这一过程［80-85］
DOD较大的DOD将缩短电池的循环寿命，降低库仑效率，超过正常DOD的过充电与过放电还会使电池发生内短路和自放电等现象［86-91］
充放电倍率高充放电倍率将会导致锂离子脱嵌与嵌入过程的不完全，增加电池内阻并降低电池容量［39，92-94］
外部载荷挤压、冲击等外部载荷的出现会破坏电极结构，导致电池反应面积减小及阻抗上升，降低电性能［1，18，95，96］

图6

过充电后电池容量及阻抗变化［89］"

图7

过放电后锂离子电池倍率性能［91］"

表3

影响老化电池热性能的因素"

因素影响参考文献
老化方式日历老化会使电池更容易发生热失控，但热失控后的危害降低；而循环老化会使电池热稳定性变差，产热速率上升［24，54，82，108］
外部载荷外部载荷会破坏电池内部结构，降低其散热能力，受到的载荷类型还将影响电池的温升速率和峰值温度［13，67，109］
过充电、过放电受到过充电、过放电影响的电池更易发生热失控，热稳定性降低，并且会发生内短路使电池内部温均性降低［85，110-112］
电池种类不同种类的电池热稳定性不同，三元锂电池中镍含量的升高导致热稳定性的下降，而LFP电池热稳定性较好［113，114］
极端温度极端温度下的老化会降低电池的热失控特征温度，更易发生事故［24，115，116］

图8

老化后电池热失控特征温度"

图9

机械滥用热失控试验［118］"

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