Objective To study the cytotoxicity of SiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) on the liver HL-7702 cells,and to clarify its mechanism. Methods The in vitro cultured human normal liver HL-7702 cells were randomly divided into control group and 12.5,25.0,50.0,100.0 mg·L^-1 SiO₂ groups,respectively.Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to characterize the SiO₂ NPs,and dynamic light scattering(DLS) method was used to analyze the particle size of SiO₂ NPs.After 24 h exposure,the morphology of HL-7702 cells were observed by HE staining;MTT assay was used to determine the viability of HL-7702 cells;lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay was used to detect the LDH activity in culture medium of HL-7702 cells;flow cytometry (FCM) was applied to examine the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results The TEM results showed that the SiO₂ NPs were spherical,universally sized and more or less dispersed well,and the average particle size of SiO₂ NPs were (65.87±9.02) nm.The DLS method results manifested that the SiO₂ particle sizes of the SiO₂ NPs were (124.57±8.02) nm in high purity water and (139.32±9.93) nm in RPMI-1640 solution.The HE staining results revealed that the SiO₂ NPs could cause the morphological changes of HL-7702 cells,and the number of HL-7702 cells was reduced and the arrangement was disorder in 25.0 and 50.0 mg·L^-1 SiO₂ groups;in 100.0 mg·L^-1 SiO₂ group,the cells were shrunken and sparse,and part of the cells appeared the morphological features of apoptosis.Compared with control group,the cell viabilities in different concentrations of SiO₂ groups were decreased,especialy in 50.0 and 100.0 mg·L^-1 SiO₂ groups (P<0.05),while the LDH activities in culture medium and the intracellular ROS levels in 50.0 and 100.0 mg·L^-1 SiO₂ groups were increased (P<0.05). Conclusion SiO₂ NPs could cause the cytotoxicity on the HL-7702 cells in a concentration-dependent manner,and the cytotoxicity may be associated with the generation of intracellular ROS.

Objective To investigate the effect of Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2(Smurf2) on the TGF-β1-induced activation in lung fibroblasts,and to explore the possible molecular mechanism. Methods The human embryonic lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) were treated with TGFβ1(10 μg·L^-1) for 1,2 and 6 h in vitro(used as TGF-β1 1 h group,TGF-β1 2 h group,and TGF-β1 6 h group),while control group(without TGF-β1) was set up.The expression levels of Smurf1 and Smurf2 mRNA and protein were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting method,respectively.The MRC-5 cells were randomly divided into control group(without TGF-β1 or siRNA),TGF-β1 group(10 μg·L^-1 TGF-β1),Control siRNA group(10 μg·L^-1 TGF-β1+ Control siRNA),and Smurf2 siRNA group(10 μg·L^-1 TGF-β1+ Smurf2 siRNA).The protein levels of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) and collagen type Ⅰ alpha 1(COL1A1) in the fibroblasts in various groups were detected by Western blotting method.The expression levels of Smad7,SnoN(Ski-related novel gene N),TβRⅠ,Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA and protein were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting method,respectively. Results Compared with control group,the expression levels of Smurf2 mRNA and protein in TGF-β1 groups were significantly increased (P<0.05),and the expression levels of Smurf1 had no significant change (P>0.05).Compared with TGF-β1 group,the expression level of Smurf2 protein in Smurf2 siRNA group was decreased (P<0.05).Compared with control group,the expression levels of α-SMA and COL1A1 protein in TGF-β1 group were increased (P<0.05).Compared with TGF-β1 group,the expression levels of α-SMA and COL1A1 protein in Smurf2 siRNA group were decreased (P<0.05).Compared with control group,the expression levels of Smad7 and SnoN mRNA in TGF-β1 group and Smurf2 siRNA group were increased (P<0.05),and there were no significant differences between TGF-β1 group and Smurf2 siRNA group (P>0.05).Compared with control group,the expression levels of Smad7 and SnoN protein in TGF-β1 group were decreased (P<0.05).Compared with TGF-β1 group,the expression levels of Smad7 and SnoN protein in Smurf2 siRNA group were increased (P<0.05).Compared with control group,the expression levels of of TβRⅠ mRNA and protein in TGF-β1 group and Smurf2 siRNA group were increased (P<0.05),and there were no significant differences between TGF-β1 group and Smurf2 siRNA group (P>0.05).There were no significant differences of the mRNA and protein levels of Smad2 and Smad3 among the four groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Smurf2 could contribute to TGF-β1-induced activation in lung fibroblasts by enhancing TGF-β1 signaling through inducing the degradation of Smad7 and SnoN in vitro.

Objective To observe the changes of nerve cells in hippocampus tissue of severe burn rats,and to discuss its possible mechanism. Methods 20 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=10) and model group (n=10).The rats in model group were used to establish the severe burn models.1 week after modeling,the eating and drinking state of rats in two groups were observed.The pathohistology of nerve cells in hippocampus tissue of rats were observed by HE and Nissl staining;the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2),light chain 3B (LC3B) and Beclin 1 were detected by immunohistochemistry method. Results The rats in normal control group ate and drank regularly,but the rats in model group were listless and inactive after burning.HE and Nissl staining results showed that the disappearance and disorder of Nissl bodies were observed in model group,and the nerve cells in hippocampus tissue of severe burn rats partly damaged with cellular swelling and nuclear pyknosis.There was no obvious damage of the nerve cells in normal control group.The immunohistochemistry results showed that the expression levels of GFAP,LC3B,and Beclin 1 in the rats in model group were significantly higher than those in normal control group (P<0.05),and the expression level of MAP-2 was significantly lower than that in normal control group (P<0.05). Conclusion After severe burn,the hippocampus nerve cells of rats are damaged,which may result in astrocyte reaction and the increasing of nerve cells autophagy.

Objective To observe the induction effect of myricetin on the apoptosis and the inhibitory effect on the growth of the human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells,and to explore the probable mechanisms. Methods The human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells were cultured in vitro.The cells were divided into control group,low,middle and high concentrations of myricetin groups,which were treated with different concentrations (0,20,40 and 60 mg·L^-1) of myricetin.Then the survival rates of cells were tested by MTT method;Laser scanning confocal microscope was used to observe the morphological changes,and the rates of abnormal necleuses were calculated.The expressions of active Caspase-3 in the SKOV3 cells in various groups were observed by immunofluorescence method.The expression levels of γ-H₂AX in the SKOV3 cells in various groups were detected by Western blotting method. Results Compared with control group,the survival rates of the SKOV3 cells in myricetin groups were significantly decreased(t=-12.35,t=-11.42,t=-10.21,P<0.05).The morphology of nucleuses of SKOV3 cells in various groups had some changes for the cause of apoptosis which were observed by laser scanning confocal microscope,nuclear shrinkage for example.The rates of abnormal nucleuses in low,middle and high concentration of myricetin groups were obviously higher than that in control group(t=6.87,t=9.35,t=7.22,P<0.05),and the rate of abnormal nucleus in high concentration of myricetin group was higher than those in low and middle concentrations of myricetin groups(t=9.55,t=7.25,P<0.05).The expression levels of active Caspase-3 in the SKOV3 cells in myricetin groups had increasing tendency,and the expression levels of γ-H₂AX in the SKOV3 cells in myricetin groups were higher than that in control group(t=5.41,t=3.21,t=6.58,P<0.05). Conclusion Myricetin can inhibit the proliferation of SKOV3 cells and induce the apoptosis;its possible mechanism may be related to DNA double strands break.

Objective To observe the influence of glucocorticoid(GC) on the expressions of high mobility group protein B1(HMGB1), receptor of advanced glycation endproducts(RAGE), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in bone tissue of the rats,and to discuss the related mechanism in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Methods 48 healthy adult male SD rats were randomly divided into low dose of GC (LGC) group (n=12),medium dose of GC (MGC) group(n=12),high dose of GC(HGC) group(n=12),and control group(n=12).The rats in LGC,MGC and HGC groups were treated by intramuscular injection of prednisolone 7.0,12.5 and 25.0 mg·kg^-1, respectively,and the rats in control group were only treated by the same volume of normal saline.All the rats receieved the injection twice a week.After 4 weeks of intervention,all the rats were sacrificed.ELISA method was used to detect the serum HMGB1,OPG,and RANKL levels of the rats;HE staining method was used to detect the pathomorphology of bone tissue of the rats;Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting method were used to detect the expression levels of HMGB1,RAGE,OPG and RANKL protein in the bone tissue of rats. Results The ELISA results showed that the serum HMGB1 levels of the rats in GC groups had no significant differences compared with control group;the OPG levels were lower than that in control group,and they were decreased with the increase of the GC dose,and there were significant differences between HGC group and control,LGC,MGC groups (P<0.05);the serum RANKL levels of the rats in GC groups were higher thanthat in control group and they were increased in a dose-dependent manner;there were significant differences between HGC group and control,LGC,MGC groups (P<0.05).The HE staning results showed that the femur tissue of the rats in LGC group was close to normal bone tissue;a lot of bone trabecular which already had a reduced thickness in MGC group were found,and replaced by granulation tissue,the dead osteocytes and empty osteocyte lacunae were easy to encounter;the bone trabecula of the rats in HGC group were seriously compromised,and the adipocytes almost replacing the hematopoietic cells in the marrow cavity were hyperplasia and hypertrophy which render them abnormal appearance,and the necrotic bone marrow and discontinuous bone chips were also found.The immunohistochemistry and Western blotting results showed that the HMGB1 protein levels in bone tissue of the rats in GC groups were increased compared with control group (P<0.05),and there were significant differences between different doses of GC groups(P<0.05);the RAGE protein levels in bone tissue of the rats had no significant differences between various groups;the OPG protein levels in bone tissue of the rats in GC groups were decreased compared with control group (P<0.05),and there were significant differences between different doses of GC groups (P<0.05); the RANKL protein levels in bone tissue of the rats in MGC and HGC groups were increased compared with control group (P<0.05),and the RANKL protein level in MD group was lower than that in HGC group (P<0.05). Conclusion After the rats are treated with excess GC,the levels of HMGB1 in bone tissue is increased and the proportion of OPG/RANKL is decreased which may be one of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

Objective To explore the inhibitory effects of niflumic acid (NFA) on the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl₂),and to elucidate the possible mechanisms. Methods The hippocampal neurons of rats were isolated and cultured,and inverted phase contrast microscope was used to observe the morphological changes of neurons.The hippocampal neurons were cultured and randomly divided into control group (1% serum medium),CoCl₂ injury group (200 μmol·L^-1 CoCl₂) and different concentrations(20,40,80 μmol·L^-1)of NFA groups.The survival rates of hippocampal neurons in various groups were measured by MTT assay.The apoptotic rates of hippocampal neurons were analyzed by flow cytometry.ELISA method was performed to observe the expression levels of apoptosis associated proteins Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in the supernatant of neurons. Results The hippocampal neurons showed regular shapes and the synapses reticulated after cultured for 7 d. Compared with control group,the survival rate of neurons in CoCl₂ injury group was decreased (P<0.01).Compared with CoCl₂ injury group,the survival rates of neurons in 20,40,and 80 μmol·L^-1 NFA groups were increased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The results of flow cytometry showed that compared with control group,the apoptotic rate in CoCl₂ injury group was increased (P<0.05);compared with CoCl₂ injury group,the apoptotic rates of neurons in 20,40,and 80 μmol·L^-1 NFA groups were decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The ELISA results showed that the expression levels of HIF-1α,caspase-3,and Bax in the supernatant of neurons in CoCl₂ injury group were increased compared with control group(P<0.01);compared with CoCl₂ injury group,the expression levels of HIF-1α,caspase-3,and Bax in the supernatant of neurons in 20 and 40 μmol·L^-1 NFA groups were decreased,while the expression level of Bcl-2 was increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion NFA can protect the hippocampal neurons from hypoxia injury induced by CoCl₂,which may be related to suppressing the expression of HIF-1α,reducing the ratio of Bax/Bcl2 and suppressing the apoptosis of neurons.

Objective To investigate whether octreotide,a somatostatin receptor agonist,plays antinociceptive effect by inhibiting the role of exciting neurotransmitter glutamate in periphery. Methods The nerve filaments on the dorsal cutaneous branches of spinal nerve of DA rats were dissected.The filaments were randomly divided into control group,sodium glutamate group,octreotide group,and cyclo-somatostatin group.The discharge rate of Aδ and C fibers were observed after injected with sodium glutamata,octreotide,and cyclo-somatos tatin into the receptive field of rats. Results Compare with control group,the discharge rate of Aδ and C fibers were increased significantly in sodium glutamate group(P<0.05).The discharge rate of Aδ and C fibers of the rats in octreotide group were significantly decreased than those in sodium glutamate group during injection and 5 min after injection(P<0.05);however,there were no significant differences in the discharge rates of Aδ and C fibers of the rats between cyclo-somatostatin group and sodium glutamate group during injection and 5 min after injection(P<0.05). Conclusion Octreotide,a somatostatin receptor agonist,inhibits the nociceptor by reducing glutamate-evoked activation of Aδ and C fibers.

Objective To explore the modulating effect of miR-181b overexpression on the expressions of membrane-type 1 metalloprotease (MT1-MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-3 (TIMP3)and invasive ability in glioma cells. Methods The human glioma U87 cells cultured in DMEM medium were divided into negative control (without treatment),empty vector (transfected with Lipofetamine 2000),scramble (transfected with scrambled has-miR-181b oligonucleotide) and miR-181b (transfected with has-miR-181b oligonucleotide) groups.The expression levels of miR-181b gene in the U87 cells in various groups were detected by qRT-PCR method;the expression levels of MT1-MMP and TIMP3 proteins in the U87 cells in various groups were examined by Western blotting method;the invasive ability of the U87 cells in various groups was determined by matrigel invasion assay;the inhibitory rate of chemotactic movement,migrated rate and cell adhesion rate in various groups were detected;the candidate target genes of miR-181b were predicted by Bioinformatics Database. Results The expression level of miR-181b mRNA in the U87 cells in miR-181b group was significantly higher than those in other three groups (P<0.01),resulting in miR-181b overexpression.Compared with other three groups,the expression level of MT1-MMP protein in the U87 cells in miR-181b group was decreased (P<0.01),and the miR-181b level was negatively correlated with the expression level of MT1-MMP protein (r=-0.787,P<0.05);while compared with other three groups,the expression level of TIMP3 protein in the U87 cells in miR-181b group was increased(P<0.01),and the miR-181b level was positively correlated with the expression level of TIMP3 protein (r=0.801,P<0.05).The matrigel invasion assay results showed that the number of transmembrane cells in miR-181b group was significantly lower than those in other three groups (P<0.05).The inhibitory rate of chemotactic movement was increased,the migrated rate and cell adhesion rate of U87 cells in miR-181b group were decreased compared with other three groups (P<0.05).The Bioinformatics Database prediction results revealed that one miR-181b-binding site within MT1-MMP 3' UTR and two binding sites of miR-181b within TIMP3 3' UTR were documented. Conclusion The miR-181b overexpression inhibits the invasive ability of glioma cells through downregulating the MT1-MMP expression and upregulating the TIMP3 expression;miR-181b serves as a critical regulator and may be an important therapeutic target for gliomas.

Objective To explore the effect of schizandrin B on lead excretion and its influence in the levels of calcium,iron,and zinc in the process of lead excretion. Methods 40 male ICR mice were randomly divided into control group (given saline and received 2%Tween by intraperitoneal injection),lead exposure group (Pb group,given 500 mg·kg^-1 lead acetate and received 2%Tween by intraperitoneal injection),schizandrin B group (SB group,given saline and received 4 mg·kg^-1 schizandrin B by intraperitoneal injection), and schizandrin B with lead group (SBPb group,given 500 mg·kg^-1 lead acetate and received 4 mg·kg^-1 schizandrin B by intraperitoneal injection),and there were 10 mice in each group.After treated for 23 d,the mice were sacrificed to measure the body weight,and the levels of lead,calcium,iron,and zinc in blood of the mice were detected by atomic absorption spectrometric method.The organ coefficients were calculated. Results Compared with control,SB and Pb group,the body weight of mice in SBPb group was decreased(P<0.05);compared with pre-treatment,the body weight of mice after treatment in control,SB,and Pb groups were increased(P<0.05).Compared with control group,the testes index and the level of lead in blood of the mice in Pb group were increased (P<0.05).Compared with control group,the level of zinc in blood of the mice in Pb group were decreased (P<0.05).Compared with SB group,the level of zinc in blood of the mice in Pb group were decreased (P<0.05).Compared with Pb group,the levels of calcium and zinc in blood of the mice in SB Pb group were increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Schizandrin B can excrete the lead in lead exposure mice and inhibit the loss of calcium,iron and zinc in the process of lead excretion.

Objective To observe the effects of exogenous expression of mutamer of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF165b on the damage of human bladder cancer T24 cells induced by cisplatin(DDP),and to discuss its mechanism. Methods The VEGF165b expression vector pcDNA-VEGF165b was constructed.According to the processing method,T24 cells were divided into control group,VEGF165b group (transfected with VEGF165b expression vector),DDP group (treated with DDP),DDP+VEGF165b group (DDP plus transfected with VEGF165b expression vector).MTT method was used to detected the cell viability;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression of apoptotic proteins Bcl-2,Bax,and caspase3;TUNEL method was used to detect the number of apoptotic cells. Results The MTT results showed that compared with control group,the cell viability in VEGF165b group at 24 and 48 h had no significant changes;compared with DDP group, the cell viability at 24 and 48 h in VEGF165b+DDP group were significantly decreased (P<0.05).The Western blotting results showed that compared with control group,the value of cleaved-caspase3/pro-caspase3 in T24 cells in DDP group was increased (P<0.05),and the value of Bcl-2/Bax was decreased (P<0.05);compared with DDP group,the value of cleaved-caspase3/pro-caspase3 in cells in VEGF165b+DDP group was increased (P<0.05),and the value of Bcl-2/Bax was decreased (P<0.05).The TUNEL results showed that compared with control group (5.1±2.7) and VEGF165b group (7.4±3.2),the number of apoptotic cells in DDP group (26.3±8.2) was increased (P<0.05).Compared with DDP group,the number of apoptotic cells in VEGF165b+DDP group (41.3+6.9) was increased (P<0.05). Conclusion The expression of exogenous VEGF165b can promote the damage of DDP on T24 cells by increasing the apoptosis of T24 cells,and its mechanism is related to the inhibition of VEGF siginal passway.

Objective To investigate the effect of wild chrysanthemum extract on the activity of trypsin-like protease (TLP) produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis(P.g),and try to provide the evidence for the wild chrysanthemum extract in the treatment of periodontal disease. Methods The brain heart infusion broth(BHI),and low,medium and high concentrations(0.1563,0.3125,and 0.6250 g·L^-1) of diluted wild chrysanthemum extract and turbidity of P.g bacteria suspension were prepared.Low,medium,and high concentrations of wide chrysanthemum extract groups,positive control group (without wide chrysanthemum extract),negative control group (with low concentration of wild chrysanthemum extract and without P.g) were set up.The Ep tube with solution in various groups were cultured under 37℃ for 48 h.Then the TLP activity in the supernatant fluid of P.g and protein levels were detected.The specific activity of TLP was calculated. Results Compared with positive control group,the TLP activities in supernatant fluid in medium and high concentrations of wild chrysanthemum extract groups were decreased(P<0.05);compared with low concentration of wild chrysanthemum extract group,the TLP activities in supernatant fluid in medium and high concentrations of wild chrysanthemum extract groups was decreased(P<0.05);compared with medium concentration of wild chrysanthemum extract group,the TLP activities in supernatant fluid in high concentration of wild chrysanthemum extract group was decreased(P<0.05).There were no significant differences of the protein levels and TLP specific activities in supernatant fluid in various groups(P>0.05). Conclusion The wild chrysanthemum extract may inhibit the TLP activity.

Objective To study the effect of the functional titanium dioxide (F-TiO₂) on the mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) after nanoparticles TiO₂ coupled by methacrylic acid (MAA). Methods The 510 nm TiO₂ nanoparticles and MAA with the purity 99.99% were selected to prepare the F-TiO₂.The structural characteristics of F-TiO₂ were tested by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Then TiO₂/PMMA and TiO₂/PMMA nanocomposites were constructed through in situ polymerization method. According to the existence of MAA and the quality ratios of TiO₂ added inside,these samples were divided into control group,2%TiO₂ group,4%TiO₂ group,and 6%TiO₂ group,2%F-TiO₂ group,4%F-TiO₂ group and 6%F-TiO₂ group.Transmission electron microscope(TEM) and electronic universal testing machine were utilized to evaluate the TiO₂ dispersion in the PMMA matrix and the mechanical properties of nano-composite resin (deflection,bending strength,flexure modulus and impact strength). Results The TEM (×1 500) results showed that in 6% groups the agglomeration of TiO₂ nanoparticles were more obvious than that in F-TiO₂ group,and a better dispersion of F-TiO₂ nanoparticles was observed in PMMA matrix.The mechanics assay showed a descending trend of self-curing resin's flexure strength and impact strength with the increase of TiO₂ quality ratios.Compared with 6% TiO₂ group,the flexure strength and impact strength of the specimen in 6% F-TiO₂ group were increased apparently (P<0.05).The TiO₂ quality ratios had a significant influence in the flexure modulus and deflection; with the increasing of quality ratios of TiO₂, the flexure modulus of the specimen in TiO₂ groups showed a descending trend.The flexure modulus of specimen in 6% F-TiO₂ group was higher than that in 6%TiO₂ group;the deflection of specimens (when the pressure was 35 and 50 N) was lower than that in 6%TiO₂ group(P<0.05). Conclusion Compared with single self-curing resin,the nano TiO₂-resin composites are characterized by poor mechanical properties, but this weakness can be compensated by methacrylic acid coupling agent.

Objective To observe the effect of Xuebijing on the expression of cytochrome C(Cyt C) protein and apoptosis of neurons in the rats with ischemia reperfusion injury,and to explore the mechanism. Methods 108 Waster rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group,nimodipine group,and Xuebijing group (n=27).The rat models of cerebral ischemia reperfusion were established by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 3 h with suture method.The apoptosis of neurons in perifocal cortex was detected by TUNEL method and the relative expression level of Cyt C protein was analyzed by Western blotting method at 6,12 and 24 h. Results The FUNEL results showed that compared with model group,the number of apoptotic neurons in nimodipine group and Xuebijing group was decreased obviously(P<0.01) at each time point, and there was significant difference between Xuebijing group and nimodipine group at 24 h(P<0.05).The Western blotting results showed that compared with sham operation group,the relative expression levels of Cyt C of the rats in model group were increased obviously at 6,12 and 24 h(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The relative expression level of Cyt C protein of the rats in nimodipine group and Xuebijing group were reduced significantly at every time point compared with model group(P<0.01);the relative expression level of Cyt C protein of the rats in Xuebijing group was lower than that in nimodipine group at 24 h(P<0.01). Conclusion Xuebijing can inhibit the apoptosis after ischemia reperfusion injury,and the mechanism of anti-apoptosis may be related to the down-regulation of the expression of Cyt C protein.

Objective To investigate the protecive effects of ellagic acid on alcoholic liver injury in the mice,and to explore its mechanisms. Methods 50 KM mice were randomly divided into control group,model group,low,medium and high doses of ellagic acid groups (n=10). The mice in control group and model group were intragastricly administed with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solvent;the mice in ellagic acid groups were administed with 160,320 and 480 mg·kg^-1 ellagic acid daily,respectively.After administrated for 15 d,the liver injury model was induced with 12 mL·kg^-1 50% ethanol.16 h later,all the mice were taken blood from the eyes and killed,and the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST),alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and triglycerides (TG) levels in serum and activities of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH) were determined as well as liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver tissue. Results Compared with control group,the liver index,the activities of ALT,AST,and the level of TG in serum and the level of MDA in liver tissue of the mice were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the activities of SOD and GSH in liver tissue were significantly decreased in model group(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with model group,the liver index,the activities of ALT,AST in serum and the level of MDA in liver tissue of the mice were significantly decreased,the activities of SOD in liver tissue were significantly increased in low,medium and high doses of ellagic acid groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the activities of GSH in liver tissue were significantly increased in medium and high dose of ellagic acid groups(P<0.01),and the level of TG in serum were significantly decreased in high dose of ellagic acid group(P<0.05). Conclusion Ellagic acid has the protective effect on alcoholic liver injury in the mice and the most effective dose is 480 mg·kg^-1.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and distribution characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) in the adults aged 40 years and over in China,and to clarify the high risk population of COPD. Methods All published studies from PubMed,EMbase,VIP,CNKI,and Wanfang databases about COPD in Chinese or English were selected. According to the exclusion and inclusive criteria,the studies were selected,and the qualities of included studies were evaluated and the Meta-analysis was performed by Stata 12.0 software. Results A total of 49 studies were included in this study.The total number of participants investigated was 118 233,including 10 819 patients with COPD.The prevalence of COPD in the adults aged 40 years and over in China was 9.3%(95%CI:8.4%-10.1%). The prevalence of COPD in men(12.5%,95%CI:11.2%-13.8%) was higher than that in women (6.1%,95%CI:5.3-6.8).The older the age was,the higher the prevalence of COPD was.The higher the education was,the lower the prevalence of COPD was.In recent years,the prevalence of COPD was decreased.The prevalence of COPD in rural area(10.2%, 95% CI:9.3-11.2) was higher than that in urban area (7.9%, 95% CI:6.8-9.0).The prevalence of COPD of smokers (15.7%,95% CI:13.4-18.1) was higher than that of non smokers (5.4%,95% CI:4.5-6.3). For male,the highest prevalence showed in north China which was 15.8%(95%CI:10.9-20.7),while for women it was highest in northeast which was 6.9%(95%CI:5.0-8.9). Conclusion The prevalence of COPD in our country is still high. The prevalence is different among people with different characteristics.Male,higher age,low education level,smoking and rural population are high risk population of COPD.

Objective To explore the value of the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1(PD-L1) protein in evaluation on the prognosis of lung cancer,and to provide the basis for evaluation on the prognosis of lung cancer. Methods PubMed,EMbase,CNKI and WanFang database were searched for collecting retrospective cohort studies on the relationship between of PD-L1 expression and the lung cancer,and the relevant articles were also retrieved from inception to November 2014. Two reviewers independently screened the articles,extracted the data and evaluated the quality.The results of Meta-analysis were analyzed by Stata 11.0 software,and the publication bias of paper was evaluated by means of Begg's funnel plot and Egger's methods. Results Finally 9 cohort studies involving 1 306 patients were included.The Meta-analysis results showed that there was no correlation between the PD-L1 protein expression and the prognosis of the patients with lung cancer(HR=1.28,95%CI:0.78-2.09). Then subgroup analyses results showed that high level of PD-L1 led to poor overall survival in Chinese patients(HR=2.31,95%:1.73-3.10). Conclusion High level of PD-L1 protein expression is the risk factor of lung cancer prognosis in the Chinese patients.

Objective To investigate the main risk factors of severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), and to provide the evidence for the prevention and treatment of HFMD. Methods The case-control studies on the risk factors of patients with severe HFMD from 1994 to 2014 were collected.Meta-analysis was performed to analyze the data.After the heterogeneity test,the fixed and random models were used to calculate the combined odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI),then the sensitivity analysis was performed and the publish bias was evaluated. Results A total of 19 papers involving 2 868 cases (severe HFMD patients) and 6 676 controls (mild HFMD patients) were included in the review.The heterogeneity test results about I² was showed as follows:age ≤3 years was 70%,rural residence was 0%,duration onset to admission ≥3 d was 23%,enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection was 75%,degree of fever ≥38.5℃ was 0%,duration of fever ≥3 d was 14%,withdrawnness and lethargy was 0%, and hyperglycaemia (≥6.11 mmol·L^-1) was 51%.The pooled OR and 95%CI of the risk factors of severe HFMD were 2.90(2.14-3.3.94),2.21(1.66-2.93),2.02(1.46-2.79),2.90(1.24-6.81),3.13(1.99-4.94),5.48 (3.56-8.45),4.25(2.45-7.37),and 2.87(1.49-5.52). The sensitivity analysis showed that the results calculated by the fixed and random models were consistent.The publish bias evaluating results showed that there was no obvious publish bias. Conclusion The rural younger children,diagnosis and treatment delay,EV71 infection,high fever duration,withdrawnness and lethargy,and hyperglycemia might be the risk factors of the patients with severe HFMD.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the polymorphisms of rs7579 site at selenoprotein P(Sepp1) gene and the genetic susceptibility of colorectal cancer,and to provide the theoretical basis for studying the genetic mechanism of colorectal cancer. Methods A case-control study was used in this research.The genotypic and allelic frequencies of Sepp1 gene were detected both in 130 patients with colorectal cancer and 153 healthy people by tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction(tetra-primer ARMS-PCR)method,which was confirmed by gene sequencing analysis.The association between genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs7579 site at Sepp1 gene and genetic susceptibility of colorectal cancer was analyzed,then the association between the genotypes of rs7579 site at Sepp1 gene and genetic susceptibility of colorectal cancer in the patients with colorectal cancer with different clinical features was also analyzed. Results The distribution of polymorphism of rs7579 site at Sepp1 gene did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both case and control groups(P>0.05).There were no significant differences of the genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs7579 site at Sepp1 gene site between case group and control group(P>0.05).The stratification analysis results showed that there was significant difference of the genotypic frequency of rs7579 site between case group and control group in the patients more than 55 years old(χ²=3.228,P=0.050),and the genotypic frequency of AA of the patients in case group was significantly lower than that in control group(χ²=3.228,P=0.050,OR=0.566,95%CI:0.320-0.999). Conclusion The polymorphism of rs7579 site at Sepp1 gene is irrelevant to the pathogeny of colorectal cancer.Allele A may be one of the protective factors that reduce the morbidity of colorectal cancer among Chinese people older than 55 years old.

Objective To explore the anatomic cause of the epidural cervical disc extrusion (ECDE) by observing the morphology of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament(PLL) and anterior intervertebral venous plexus under surgical microscope and light microscope. Methods Whole cervical spinal columns from C2 to C7 were collected from 10 formalin-fixed human adult cadavers of Chinese origin.In 10 columns,the block laminectomy was done.The layers,orientation and distribution of the cervical PLL were observed and the cervical anterior intervertebral venous plexus was observed under surgical microscope and light microscope. Results The cervical PLL was made up of three layers.There were the fibers of superficial layer on the back of the vertebral bodys across several intervertebral spaces.The superficial layer were divided into two portions,logitudinal and oblique fibers.The logitudinal fibers covered on the back central section of the intervetebral disk annulus fibrosus.The deep fibers exposed from the back lower edge of one vertebral body to the back superior edge of inferior adjacent vertebral body,covering on the back of the intervertebral disk.Between the superficial fibers and the deep fibers, there were the middle part of longitudinal fibers,which crossed a single disc,arising from the bottom bone of one vertebral body veins hole,inserting in the top bone of the inferior adjacent vertebral veins hole.All of the three layers coverd over the back middle part of the posterior annulus fibrosus,otherwise there were only two layers covering on the back lateral-middle part of the posterior annulus fibrosus.The cervical anterior intervertebral venous plexus was embedded between the superficial and deep layers of the cervical PLL in the lateral-middle area on the back of the cervical intervertebral disc which was relatively weaker than the middle area. Conclusion There is a weak area behind the paracentral area side of the cervical intervertebral disc,which may constitute a part of anatomic factors producing ECDE.Understanding the vertebral venous plexus anatomical features could help clinical doctors control intraoperative bleeding and reduce the rate of nerve damage.

Objective To observe the changes of pharyngeal critical pressure (Pcrit) in the obese adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS),and to investigate the role of Pcrit in the pathogenesis of OSAS in the adolescents. Methods According to the results from polysomnography and body mass index (BMI) measurements,the subjects were divided into obese OSAS group (n=16),obese control group (n=18),and lean control group (n=17).On the base of polysomnography monitoring,the slope of pressure-flow curve and Pcrit were observed by pressure-flow relationship technology.Then the relationship between Pcrit and apnea hypopnea index (AHI) was analyzed. Results The slope of pressure-flow curve and Pcrit of patients in obese OSAS group were significantly higher than those in obese control group and lean control group (P<0.01);the Pcrit of objects in obese control group was lower than that in lean control group (P<0.05).In obese OSAS group,the positive correlation was found between the slope of pressure-flow curve and AHI (r=0.789,P=0.005),as well as Pcrit and AHI (r=0.654,P=0.032). Conclusion The increase of Pcrit is one of the reasons for upper airway obstruction in the obese adolescents with OSAS.To maintain Pcrit is important for the obese adolescents without OSAS to protect the upper airway from occlusion.

Objective To investigate the changes of lymphocyte subsets in the elderly patients with severe sepsis before and after immune modulation therapy,and to provide the basis for curing the disease. Methods 76 patients older than 65 years were enrolled and randomly divided into control group (n=38) and treatment group (n=38).All patients were received conventional therapy and the patients in treatment group were received 1.6 mg thymosin alpha-1 through subcutaneous injection once a day for 15 d.20 healthy individuals older than 65 years were selected as healthy group.The lymphocyte subsets of objects in groups were measured before and after treatment. Results Before treatment,the ratios of CD3⁺,CD4⁺,Th1,CD4⁺/CD8⁺,CD19⁺,NK of the patients in control and treatment groups were significantly decreased and the ratios of Treg and CD8⁺ were significantly increased compared with healthy group(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the ratios of Th2 was mildly increased in the patients in various groups,but these parameters of the patients had no significant differences between control group and treatment group(P>0.05).After treatment,the ratios of CD3⁺,CD4⁺,and Th1 were significantly increased while the ratios of CD8⁺ was significantly decreased of the patients in treatment group compared with control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01);the ratios of CD4⁺/CD8⁺,CD19⁺,and NK cells were mildly increased while the ratios of Th2 and Treg were mildly decreased of the patients in treatment group compared with control group,but there was no statistically difference(P>0.05). Conclusion Compared with healthy aged persons,the lymphopenia and lymphocyte subsets imbalance exist in the elderly patients with severe sepsis.Thymosin alpha-1 can regulate the quantity and proportion of lymphocyte subsets in the elderly patients with severe sepsis.

Objective To investigate the levels of serum cystatin C(Cys C)and homocysteine (Hcy) in the patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy(DN), and to clarify their clinical significances. Methods 100 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) were divided into three groups according to Mogenson staging: simple diabetes mellitus group(DM,n=32),early DN group (EDN,n=40),clinical DN group(CDN,n=28).The healthy subjects were defined as control group(n=20).The following variables were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer:HbA1c,serum biochemistry indexes,Cys C and urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER);the serum Hcy level was measured by circulate enzymatic determination method;the glomerular filter rate (GFR) and endogenous muscle liver clear rate (Ccr) was calculated;the indexes of weight,height,waist circumference,DBP,SBP of all subjects were measured;the influence factors of Cys C,Hcy, and UAER were analyzed by correlation analysis;the positive rates of Cys C,Hcy, and UAER were detected in various groups. Results As the extension of T2DM duration,compared with control group,the levels of SBP,HbA1c,and TC of the diabetic subjects were increased significantly (P<0.05).The levels of UAER,BUN,Scr,Cys C,and Hcy were gradually increased of the patients in diabetes groups.The levels of UAER,BUN, and Hcy of the patients in DM group were higher than those in control group(P<0.05);the levels of UAER,BUN,Cys C and Hcy of the patients in EDM group were higher than those in control group(P<0.05),and the levels of UAER,Cys C,and Hcy were significantly increased compared with DM group(P<0.05);compared with EDN group,the levels of UAER,BUN,Scr,Cys C, and Hcy of the patients in CDN group were increased(P<0.05);compared with control group,the levels of UAER,BUN,Scr,Cys C, and Hcy of the patients in DM group were increased(P<0.05);the levels of GFR and Ccr of the patients in DM group were gradually decreased,and were higher than those in control,DM,and EDN groups(P<0.05).The correlation analysis results showed that the serum Cys C level was positively correlated with diabetes duration,UAER,Hcy,Scr,BUN,HbA1c and SBP(r=0.61,r=0.804,r=0.597,r=0.516,r=0.487,r=0.423,r=0.359,P<0.01),and negatively correlated with GFR and Ccr(r=-0.652,r=-0.589,P<0.01);the level of Hcy was positively correlated with diabetes duration,UAER,Scr,BUN,HbA1c and SBP(r=0.673,r=0.784,r=0.502,r=0.396,r=0.416,r=0.209,P<0.01),and negatively correlated with GFR and Ccr(r=-0.623,r=-0.647,P<0.01).The partial correlation analysis results showed that UAER had the most significant relationship with Cys C(r=0.789,P<0.05),then with Hcy(r=0.697,P<0.05),and had general relationship with Scr and BUN (r=0.472,r=0.543,P<0.05).The positive rates of Cys C and Hcy of the patients were higher than the positive rates of Scr and BUN in EDN group(P<0.05). Conclusion Both of serum Cys C and Hcy are able to reflect early renal damage.Cys C is more sensitivity and has clinical value in early diagnosis of DN and being a kidney injury marker.Joint detection of serum Cys C and Hcy can evaluate the renal function and prognosis of DN patients.

Objective To investigate the expressions of P21 and survivin proteins in human glioma tissue, and normal brain tissue, and to analyze their clinical significances. Methods According to the pathological standards formulated by the WHO in 2007,41 cases of glioma tissue samples were divided into 9 cases of grade Ⅰ,14 cases of gradeⅡ,10 cases of grade Ⅲ and 8 cases of grade Ⅳ;the other 12 cases of normal brain tissue were used as control group.The expressions of P21 and survivin proteins in human glioma tissue and normal brain tissue were examined with immunohistochemical method,and the relationship between them was analyzed. Results The positive expression rates of P21 and survivin proteins in normal brain tissue and glioma tissue were 91.7% and 53.7%,0% and 51.2%,and the differences between different tissues were statistically significant (P<0.05).The positive expression rates of P21 protein in the grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ and grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ glioma tissue were 69.6% and 33.3%,respectively,while the positive expression rates of survivin protein were 34.8% and 72.2%.The positive expression rate of P21 in the grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ glioma tissue was significantly lower than that in the grade Ⅰ-Ⅱglioma tissue, while the positive expression rate of survivin protein in the grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ glioma tissue was significantly higher than that in the grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ glioma tissue(P<0.05). Conclusion The loss of expression of P21 protein and the overexpression of survivin protein are associated with the malignant degree of gliomas.The P21 protein can inhibit the occurrence and development of glioma and the survivin protein can promote the development of glioma.

Objective To evaluate the effect of penetrating resin treatment on the elder patients with secondary dentin sensitivity following tooth abrasion,and to clarify its function principle. Methods 40 subjects were randomly divided into control and experimental groups(n=20),and the patients in experimental group were treated with icon penetrating resin,and the patients in control group were treated with 3M adper easy oneself-etching adhesives.The visual analogue scale(VAS) method was used to evaluate the VAS scores of teeth of the patients in two groups at different periods,such as before treatment,right after treatment,1 month after treatment and 3 month after treatment.The osmosis of resin for dentin tubule was observed by scanning electron microscope in vitro. Results Compared with before treatment,the VAS scores of the patiants in two groups 1 month after treatment and 3 months after treatment were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with control group,the VAS scores of the patients in experiment group 1 month after treatment and 3 months after treatment were decreased(P<0.05).The scanning electron microscope results showed that the penetrating resin formed a close in the tooth surface and penetrated in the dentin tubule. Conclusion Penetrating resin can be used as the dentin sensitivity treatment in the elderly,and it has apparent effect.

Objective To explore the expression of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1(STAT1) in breast cancer tissue,and to investigate the relationship between the expression of STAT1 and prognosis of breast cancer. Methods The expressions of STAT1 in tumor tissue of 37 cases of benign breast tumor and 87 cases of breast cancer patients were detected by immunohistochemical technique.The associations between the expression of STAT1 and clinical parameters and prognosis were analyzed.Kaplan-Merier analysis and Log-rank test were used to conduct the overall survival(OS) analysis and draw the survival curve and detect the differences between survival curves. Results The strongly positive expression rate of STAT1 in breast cancer tissue was lower than that in benign tissue(P<0.01).The breast cancer patients with positive progesterone receptor(PR) had a higher expression of STAT1 compared with the breast cancer patients with negtive PR (P<0.05).The OS of the patients with high expression of STAT1 was longer than that of the patients with low expression of STAT1(P=0.044);the disease-free survival (DFS) of the patients with strongly positive expression of STAT1 was longer than that of the patients with lowly positive expression of STAT1,but there was no significant difference between them(P=0.071).The single factor analysis results showed that the endocrine therapy or not,expression of STAT1,hormone receptor status,and Her-2 expression were the influencing factors of OS;the TNM stage,endocrine therapy or not,hormone receptor status,and Her-2 expression were the influencing factors of DFS.The multifactor analysis results demonstrated that the endocrine therapy or not and expression of PR were the independent factors influencing OS;the TNM stage,endocrine therapy or not,expression of PR,and Her-2 expression were the independent factors influencing DFS. Conclusion The expression of STAT1 is higher in the breast cancer tissue with positive PR,and the expression of STAT1 may have a positive influence in the prognosis of breast cancer.

Objective To explore the relationship between serum uric acid (UA)and serum lipid levels in the patients with gout and the effect of febuxostat on reducing the serum lipid levels. Methods 60 male patients with gout were chosen as gout group,and 25 healthy controls were chosen as control group.The serum uric acid and lipid levels of the objects were compared between gout and control groups.42 patients with hyperlipidemia in gout group were chosen and divided into three subgroups,such as low dose of febuxostat group (febuxostat 40 mg·d^-1,n=13), high dose of febuxostat group(febuxostat 80 mg·d^-1,n=16),and allopurinol group(allopurinol 300 mg·d^-1,n=13).The double blind method was used.The serum UA and lipid levels of the objects in three subgroups and control group before and after treatment were compared. Results The levels of serum UA,triglycerides (TG),total cholesterol (TC),low density lipoprotein (LDL) of the patients in gout group were higher than those in control group(P<0.05).The level of UA was positively correlated with TG in gout group (r=0.275,P<0.05).Compared with before treatment,the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) after treatment in low dose of febuxostat group was increased (P< 0.05);compared with control group,the levels of HDL of the patients in low dose of febuxostat group after treatment had no significant difference (P> 0.05).Compared with before treatment,the levels of TC,HDL,LDL,and TG of patients after treatment in high dose of febuxostat group were increased(P< 0.05);Compared with control group,the levels of TC,HDL,LDL and TG of the patients in high dose of febuxostat group after treatment had no significant difference (P> 0.05).There were no significant differences of TC,HDL,LDL,and TG of the patients in allopurinol group between before and after treatment(P> 0.05).Compared with before treatment,the UA levels were decreased after treatment in low dose of febuxostat group,high dose of febuxostat group and allopurinol group (P< 0.05);compared with control group,the UA level of the patients in high dose of febuxostat group had no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion The patients with gout are often combined with hyperlipidemia.Febuxostat may lower the levels of serum UA and lipids, and febuxostat (80 mg·d^-1) may reduce the levels of LDL,TC,TG,and increase the level of HDL.

Objective To investigate the clinical features,image features, and pathological features of bone marrow of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Methods One TSC patient's imageological examination was taken,and the bone marrow cells were stained by Wright staining,and the associated literatures were reviewed. Results The obvious clinical manifestations such as facial sebaceous gland tumor and unusual characteristic imageological examination were observed.The severe iron deficiency anemia was observed and improved after support treatment. Conclusion As an autosomal dominant disease,TSC can affect several organ systems and cause systemic diseases such as iron-deficiency anemia.

Objective To study the clinical manifestation and the diagnosis methods of one case of pheochromocytoma with headache as the first clinical feature. Methods The clinical symptoms were recorded;radio immunoassay was used to detect the active renin of the patient;chemiluminescence was used to detect the aldosterone level of the patient;high performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the levels of blood adrenaline and noradrenaline;CT was used to detect the adrenal gland;the tumor tissue was taken by operation and pathological examination and HE staining were performed. Results When the patient suffered serious headache,the levels of active renin,aldosterone and blood pressure were increased obviously.The CT results showed that the patient's left adrenal gland had a quasi-circular low density.On the CT enhanced scan image, the tumor appeared inhomogeneous enhancement on artery phase.There were transparent and eosinophil cells arranged in a prominent nesting pattern and bundles with obvious bleeding and necrosis and also there were some heterocysts. Conclusion Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-producing endocrine tumor and a reliable diagnosis can be made by combining the clinical information,biochemical testing,imaging examination and pathology.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safty of low dose propranolol with 1 064 nm Nd:YAG laser on mixed and deeper infantile hemangioma(IH). Methods 60 patients with mixed and deeper IH were randomly divided into propranolol group(n=20,the patients were treated by 1.5 mg·kg-1·d^-1 propranolol),laser group(n=20,the patients were treated by 1 064 nm Nd:YAG laser), and propranolol combined with laser group(n=20,the patients were treated by 1.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 propranolol and 1 064 nm Nd:YAG laser).After 6 months,the total efficacy rate, efficacy rate and cure rate,and the scores of adverse event degrees were compared respectively. Results 6 months later,the total efficacy rate,efficacy rate and cure rate of the patients in propranolol combined with laser group were higher than those in laser group and propranolol group(P<0.05);the scores of adverse event degrees in body surface of the patients in propranolol combined with laser group were lower than those in laser group and propranolol group(P<0.05). Conclusion Low dose of propranolol combined with 1 064 nm Nd:YAG laser is effective and safe for the patients with mixed and deeper IH,with the advantages such as better effects,shorter duration and fewer adverse events.

Objective To compare the effect of different digital mammography exposure modes on the image quality and radiation dose of the breast phantom,and to provide the basis for diagnosis of breast cancer. Methods A breast phantom was exposed by using automatic exposure mode and manual exposure mode,respectively.There were three automatic exposure modes including DOSE,STD,and CNT.About manual exposure mode,at first,the tube voltage was changed,such as 25,26,27,28,29,30,32,34,36,38,and 40 kV,when the tube loading was 32 mAs.Then the tube loading was changes,such as 20,32,40,45,56,63,80,100,125,160,and 200 mAs,when the tube voltage was 29 kV. According to American College of Radiology (ACR) criteria,the average glandular dose (AGD) and image quality score were recorded for each image. Results Among the three automatic exposure modes,there were no statistical difference of the quality score of images of the simulated specks and the simulated masses (P=0.37),while there was statistical difference of the quality score of images of the simulated fibers (P=0.00).When exposuring with the manual mode,there were statistical differences of the quality scores of images of three simulated lesions (P=0.00).However,there were different trend changes in the quality scores of images of three simulated lesions.The imaging of simulated fibers was most susceptible by changing of tube voltage or tube loading,while the imaging of simulated specks was least susceptible by changing of tube voltage or tube loading.AGD value will be increasd with the increasing of tube voltage or tube loading,whenever the automatic exposure mode or manual exposure mode. Conclusion When digital mammography being,it must be executed to the breast cancer screened with the low dose model of automatic exposure.And the manual mode can effectively reduce the radiation dose without sacrifice image quality.

Objective To investigate the MRI performance of five cases of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM),and to clarify the application of MRI in the diagnosis of CPM in order to improve its diagnosis level. Methods The main history and clinical manifestations of 5 patients with CPM were collected.The Philip Achieva 3.0T superconducting MR was used to detect the sequences of T1WI,T2WI,Fiair and diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) from the bottom of posterior fossa to parietal. Results The MRI performance of CPM as follows:the location of CPM was in the center of the pons,and the transverse pontine fibers were most severely affected with the sparing of descending corticospinal tracts,and there was no mass or edema;the lesion appeared hypointense on T1 weighted image and hyperintense or slightly hyperintense on T2 weighted image and T2 Flair image,hyperintense or isointense on DWI image,and surrounding mild enhancement or no enhancement after enhancement scan.The lesion showed "convex" glyph,chestnut or patchy;few pons exostructure was involved such as basal ganglia,cortex,and cerebellum structure. Conclusion The MRI performance of CPM has its characteristics,and MRI images could be used in early diagnosis of CPM.

Objective To compare the dose distribution characteristics between 5 intensity modulated radiotherapy(5F-IMRT),volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT),and Gyro-knife radiotherapy plans for curring the patients with small mass in lung tissue,and to provide the basis for clincal treatmment. Methods Sixteen patients with lung tumor were included in this study.The stereotactic body radiotherapy plans with the same target volume and the prescription dose was used for each patient. The distrubution,target volume rate,dose uniformity,and dose of healty lung tissue,esophagus and spinal cord of 5F-IMRT,VMAT, and Gyroknife treatment plans were compared. Results The PTVDmean of Gyroknife plan was higher than those of 5F-IMRT plan(t=23.835,P=0.000)and VMAT plan(t=19.975,P=0.000),while the CI of PTV of VMAT plan was superior than that of 5F-IMRT plan(t=3.509,P=0.003) and the CI of PTV 5F-IMRT plan was superior than that of Gyroknife plan(t=3.427,P=0.004).The HI of PTV of VMAT plan was higher than that of Gyroknife plan(t=41.040,P=0.000)and VMAT plan(t=36.780,P=0.000).The whole lung V5 of VMAT plan was lower than those of Gyroknife plan(t=4.303,P=0.000) and 5F-IMRT plan (t=5.750,P=0.000),and the whole lung V10 of VMAT plan was lower than that of Gyroknife plan(t=5.018,P=0.000).The whole lung V20 and V30 were simlar among three plans(P>0.05).The whole lung mean dose(MLD)of VMAT plan was lower than those of Gyroknife plan(t=2.462,P=0.027) and 5F-IMRT plan(t=3.682,P=0.002). For the involved lung tissue,the V5 and V10 of Gyroknife plan were higher than those of 5F-IMRT plan (t=5.329,P=0.000;t=4.337,P=0.001) and VMAT plan (t=5.222,P=0.000;t=4.579,P=0.000).The MLD of Gyroknife plan was higher than that of 5F-IMRT plan(t=4.303,P=0.002)and VMAT plan(t=4.517,P=0.000). The protection abilities of heathy lung was Gyroknife plan >VMAT plan >5F-IMRT plan. Conclusion In the premise of SBRT positioning accuracy,the advantages of Gyroknife plan are the higer PTVDmean and the protection for heathy lung tissue;to some extent, the advantages of VMAT plan are the higher CI,the planning validation and the lower V5,V10,and MLD values in whole lung tissue(including the involved lung tissue).

Objective To investigate the feasibility of the unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (ULBD) in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis by anatomical study. Methods 10 adult formalin-fixed spine corpse specimens were selected,then the ULBD were performed with the posterior ligaments complex almost intact.CT scans were performed,and the parameters including the maximum anterior-posterior diameter the maximum transverse diameter,and the vertebral spinal canal area were detected before and after operation. Results Compared with before operation,the maximum anterior-posterior diameter and the maximum transverse diameter and the vertebral spinal canal area of corpses after operation were increased(P<0.01). Conclusion With the posterior ligaments complex almost intact,the ULBD could enlarge the lumbar spinal canal and decompress the nerve effectively.

Objective To investigate the ultrasonic examination results of carotid artery and peripheral artery atherosclerosis and their risk factors,and to clarify the effect degrees of different risk factors on the different parts of atherosclerosis. Methods 366 cases who accepted the color doppler ultrasound to exam the carotid artery and peripheral artery were divided into healthy group (n=133),simple carotid artery disease group(CAD,n=42),simple peripheral disease group (PAD,n=69),and peripheral disease combined with carotid artery disease group(CAD+PAD,n=122).The information of age,gender,smoking,drinking,high blood pressure(HBP),blood sugar, hyperlipemia and body mass index(BMI) of the objects in various groups were analyzed,and the risk factors of the incidence of different artery atherosclerosis plaque were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis. Results The detection rate of carotid plaque was 44.8% (164/366),which was 52.1% (191/366) for peripheral artery atherosclerosis.The age,rate of smoking,detection rate of HBP and detection rate of hyperglycaemia of the objects in PAD group and CAD+PAD group were higher than those in healthy group(P<0.05).The rate of smoking and rate of hyperlipemia of the objects in PAD group and CAD+PAD group were higher than those in CAD group(P<0.01).The male,elderly(45-59,60-74,and ≥75 years),smoking,and hyperglycaemia were the risk factors for the formation of peripheral artery atherosclerosis plaque(OR=2.520,OR=3.056,OR=6.895,OR=29.483,OR=4.136,OR=3.736,P<0.001). Conclusion The formation of artery atherosclerosis plaque is determined by multiple factors.The elderly,smoking and hyperglycaemia are risk factors for the formation of artery atherosclerosis plaque.Among the smoking or hyperglycaemia population,the incidence of peripheral artery atherosclerosis is obviously higher than the incidence of carotid artery atherosclerosis.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes(T2DM)and impaired glucose regulation(IGR) in Changchun city in Jilin province,and to analyze its influencing factors and provide the evidence for the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Methods 847 elderly aged over 60 from six districts of Changchun city in Jilin province were selected by multistage stratified random cluster sampling method.The investigation was conducted by the combination of questionnaire and physical examinations.According to the 1999 diagnosis criteria of WHO and self-report,the citizens were divided into normal glucose tolerance group(NGR,n=541),impaired glucose regulation group (IGR,n=150),and type 2 diabetes mellitus group(T2DM,n=158).The levels of height,body mass index(BMI),blood pressure,blood glucose,and blood lipid of the objects in various groups were compared.Maltivariate Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the influencing factors of T2DM. Results The prevalence rates of IGR and T2DM were 17.7% and 18.6% respectively in the people aged over 60 years in Changchun city in Jilin province;the prevalence rates in male with IGR and T2DM had no significant difference compared with those in female(P>0.05);there were significant differences in the SBP,DBP,BMI,and TG levels of the objects between NGR,IGR,and T2DM groups(P<0.05);the level of TG of the objects in NGR group was higher than that in IGR group(P<0.05).Both the SBP and BMI of the objects in T2DM group were higher than those in IGR group(P<0.05).The SBP,DBP,BMI,and TG levels of the objects in T2DM group were higher than those in NGR group(P<0.05).The multivariate Logistic regression results showed that BMI may be the influencing factor of T2DM. Conclusion The prevalences of IGR and T2DM are high in the citizens aged over 60 in Changchun city in Jilin province;some biochemistry indexes are abnormal in the stage of IGR,and BMI may increase the risk of diabetes.We should take comprehensive measures to control the incidence of diabetes and reduce the prevalence.

Objective To understand the infants' fathers smoking state at home,those fathers' desire for smoking cessation,and mothers' exposure to second-hand smoking,etc.,and to provide scientific basis for formulating the measures of smoke-free families. Methods The group sampling method was adopted,342 households with fathers smoking at home of infants registered in the medical care section of 15 community health service centers in two urban districts of Changchun city in Jilin province were slected,and a household-to-household questionnaire survey to the mothers and the fathers of the newborn was conducted,and the palmtops were used to record the questionnaire data,and 299 valid questionnaire answers from the fathers and 304 from the mothers were collected. Results 77.6% fathers of the newborn smoked every day,consuming(12.4±6.3)cigarettes every day on average;61.2% mothers of the newborn were exposed to second-hand smoking;55.2% fathers of the newborn attempted to quit smoking,and 5.3% fathers expressed their wish to quit smoking within the following one month;43.9% fathers did not want to quit smoking;the motivations for giving up smoking within the following six months ranked in percentage as follows,the health of newborn (59.3%),the personal health (28.3%),the health of the wives (41.6%),the family members' aversion (38.1%),and the differences were statistically significant(χ²=30.072,P<0.01); 36.63% fathers and 69.41% mothers of the newborn agreed to the establishment of smoking-free families,and the difference was statistically significant(χ²=59.207,P<0.001). Conclusion Both the numbers of smoking fathers and their smoking frequencies on the daily basis are quite huge,while the number of the fathers agreeing to quit smoking is comparatively low;the problem of second-hand smoking at home is serious;the health of newborn is quite a strong motivation for the fathers to quit smoking;the mothers of newborn are very enthusiastic about the notion of smoking-free families.

Objective To explore the effects of aerobic exercise (AE),strength training(ST) and aerobic exercise combined with strength training (AE+ST) on the obese teenagers,and to provide the evidence for special exercise prescription in the obese teenagers. Methods Sixty obese teenagers were randomly divided into AE group(n=15),ST group (n=15),AE＋ST group(n=15) and control group (n=15).The subjects in AE group performed 8-week AE,and the subjects in ST group did ST,and the subjects in AE＋ST group conducted AE+ST.The body weights,body mass indexes (BMI),percentage of body fat (BF%),fat mass (FM),lean body mass (LBM),serum expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6),IL-18,tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),C-reaction protein (CRP),maximal oxgen uptake (VO_2max),exhaust time (ET) and maximal power (MP) of the subjects were determined before and after the experiment. Results There were no significantly differences of the indexes between the patients in four groups before experiment (P>0.05).Compared with before experiment,the body weight,BMI,FM,BF% and IL-18 level of the subjects were reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01) while the VO_2max,ET and MP were elevated (P<0.01) in AE group;the BF% was decreased (P<0.05) while the FFM and TNF-α level were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in ST group;the body weight,BMI,FM,BF%, and IL-18 level were reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01) while the FFM,VO_2max,ET and MP were elevated (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in AE+ST group. Compared with control group,the body weight,BMI,FM,BF% and IL-18 level were reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01) while the VO_2max,ET, and MP were elevated (P<0.01) in AE group;the BF% was decreased (P<0.05) while the FFM and TNF-α level were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in ST group;the body weight,BMI,FM,BF% and IL-18 level were reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01) while the FFM,VO_2max,ET and MP were elevated (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in AE+ST group. Compared with AE group,the IL-18 level was reduced in AE+ST group (P<0.01). Conclusion All exercise modes can improve the body composition,while AE or AE combined with ST can ameliorate the chronic inflammatory reaction state and enhance the exercise capacity.The effect of AE combined with ST is superior to single AE.

Objective To explore the related risk factors of infections after laparoscopically assisted distal gastrectomy(LADG)for gastric cancer,and to provide theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the infections. Methods The clinical data of 150 patients with gastric cancer who underwent LADG were analyzed,and the correlation between the incidence of infections and the age,gender,smoking history,level of white blood cells,pathological type,pathological stage,operation time,intraoperative blood loss,intraoperative blood transfusion,duration of indwelling catheter,and hospitalization time were observed. Results 22 patients got infection,and the postoperative infection rate was 14.7%.The lung infection,abdominal infection,and wound compliations were the most common complications.The related risk factors of infections were age above 60 years old,smoking,low level of white blood cells,late pathological stage,long operation time,more intraoperative blood loss,intraoperative blood transfusion,long duration of indwelling catheter,and hospitalization time(P<0.05). Conclusion The infection rate could be reduced by quiting the smoking,correcting the level of white blood cells,strengthening the nutrition,improving the immunity,shortening the operation time,reducing the intraoperative blood loss,decreasing the intraoperative blood transfusion,shortening the duration of indwelling catheter and hospitalization time.

Objective To analyze the multidrug resistant(MDR) situation of initial and retreatment tuberculosis patients with positive sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture to four frontline anti-tuberculosis (anti-tb) drugs, and to learn the resistance status and situation of anti-tb drugs. Methods A total of 395 patients with positive sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture were selected.The species identification experiment was carried out according to the China Tuberculosis Association Tuberculosis Diagnostic Bacteriology Inspection Procedures.The drug sensitivities of positive isolates sputum were detected by WHO recommended ratio method.The risistant rates of each first-line drug and MDR situation of the four kinds of first-line drugs were calculated.The multi-drug resistant rate of the patients in initial and retreatment groups were detected. Results The order of resistant rates of four first-line anti-tb drugs in the 395 patients were streptomycin (93/395,23.5%),isoniazid (88/395,22.3%),rifampin (58/395,14.7%),ethambutol (23/395,5.8%).The patients in initial treatment group and retreatment group were resistant to streptomycin and isoniazid,and the resistance order was consistent;the resistant rate of rifampin(17.4%) of the patients in retreatment group was higher than that in initial group (6.9%) (χ²=6.714,P=0.010).At the same time there were at least 33 cases of isoniazid and rifampin resistance,and the total MDR rate was 8.4%;the MDR rate of the patients in retreatment group (10.2%) was higher than that in initial group (2.9%) (χ²=5.263,P=0.022). The main MDR forms of the patients in initial(2,2.0%) and retreatment(13,4.4%) groups were resistant to isomiazid,rifampin,and streptomycin. Conclusion The order of drug-resistant is streptomycin,isoniazid,rifampicin,and ethambutol.The resistant rate of rifampin and the MDR rate of the patients in retreatment group are higher than those in initial group.The main MDR forms of patients in initial and retreatment groups are resistant to isomiazid,rifampin,and streptomycin.