The kinematic behavior of the car in the lowspeed backup process and the collision possibility between the car body and the obstacle in the parking space were analyzed, and the starting area for the backup under parallel parking condition was determined according to the backup path from the geometric constrains of the car body by the parking space. A steering strategy for the parallel parking was realized to trace the planned path to avoid collision. A kinematic model was built for a certain car in SIMULINK to simulate the car backup environment of parallel parking. The parallel parking process of the car was simulated by introducing the steering control strategy into the system built using SIMULINK. The simulated results verified the feasibility to realize the parallel parking by the proposed strategy.

Based on a PlugIn Twin Motor Hybrid (TMH) configuration of FAW, the parameters matching method of engine, transmission, motor and battery was presented in this paper. According to vehicle performance requirements, the powertrain parameters were calculated using the CRUISE software, which obtained the satisfactory results. The results supplied the foundation for the next step vehicle development.

In order to evaluate the performance of multimode electromechanical drivetrain, the different output powersplit and input powersplit architectures were compared; the corresponding powersplit characteristics were analyzed. Based on the study of the speed, torque and powersplit, a uniform equation is proposed to calculate the powersplit extremum for engine and electric machines. A comparative study of the applications of the multimode electromechanical drivetrain demonstrates that the unique architecture extends speed ratio coverage and reduces power and torque demands on the electric machines, hence provides a compact, highly efficient drivetrain solution.

The longitudinal forces of the vehicle tire were estimated by the slidingmode observer combined with the Kalman filter. Based on this the adhesion factor of the road parement was estimated by the recursive least square algorithm with forgetting factor and the change detection algorithm CUSUM. A test environment for the road with different adhesion factors was constructed using the compiler Road Builder in ADAMS/Car, and the proposed road adhesion factor estimation method was tested in the constructed virtual environment. The results proved the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed method and illustrated the theory of slipslope can reappear in the virtual experiment based on the ADAMSj/Car.

Aiming at the practical problems that the statically indeterminate multiaxle tractortrailer(SIDMATT) needs long brake test cycle and high grade test site, a question of how to do the brake test on a statically indeterminate multiaxle truck(SIDMATK) as an equivalent alternative to that on a SIDMATT was put. A static calculation model was built for the statically indeterminate multiaxle tractor(SIDMATR), and the ideal brake force calculation models were built respectively for the SIDMATT and the SIDMATK. The minimization of the absolute difference between the sums of ideal brake forces on each axle of the 2types of vehicle was set as the optimization target, and the optimization calculations were performed for the counterweight load and its mass centroid height of the SIDMATK at the brake test. The results show that the SIDMATK can simulate equivalently the SIDMATT to do the brake test as the counterweight load close to the optimized parameters with the test error less than 15%. With the improvement of the road adhesion, the counterweight load and its mass centroid height of the SIDMATK should increase.

The transient characteristics of the temperature field and the stress field on the contact surfaces during the shifting process of a wet shift clutch in the power shift transmission were simulated by a 3D model of finite element method(FEM) built for the friction pair of the clutch using the nonlinear FEM software ABAQUS6.7. The effect of boundary conditions, frictional contact, thermomechanical coupling, and complex grooves in the friction disk were taken into account. Simulation results revealed the histories of the distribution of temperature and stress on the contact surfaces during the shifting process. The temperature and stress are higher in the inner areas of the annular contact surface, while lower in the outer areas. The contact pressure on the paired steel disk is uneven radially with a roughly symmetrical distribution about the center, and its maximum increases with the sliding time. The temperature field and stress field on the friction disk are more uniform than those on the steel disk.

A method of piezoelectric detection by tire print of the vehicle wheelbase difference was proposed based on the working behavior of the piezoelectric cable sensor. A detection device with dual trapezoidal bottom slot was designed and its tire print piezoelectric voltage signal waveform was analyzed. Mathematical models of the wheelbase difference detection under the conditions of the vehicle driving in straight line, in oblique line and in curved line were built based on the relative measurement theory, and the detection error compensation method was analyzed. The proposed method was investigated by test , the result showed that the onboard traverse position of the wheel can be measured precisely by the developed device, the compensation of the detection error caused by curved driving can be realized. The detection results proved the correctness of the built theoretical model. The wheelbase difference detection device is characterized by high accuracy, high reliability and low cost, with good prospects for practical application.

A vehiclefollowing model considering the lateral offset was built to describe quantitatively the impact of the lateral offset between the leading vehicle and the following vehicle on the vehiclefollowing behavior. The relationship between the lateral offset and the acceleration of the leading vehicle was established by introduction of a concept of the centraline offset,extending the vehiclefollowing model into twodimensional mode. The numerical simulation analysis was made using the built model and the results verified the effectiveness of the model. The local stability and the asymptotic stability were achieved in the vehiclefollowing situation. Meanwhile, the model can describe some macroscopic phenomena  in the actual traffic flow.

Based on the probability theory and the queuing theory introducing a concept of lost time of saturated releasing, the classical model of motorcade analysis was improved, and a model of vehicle average delay was proposed to seek the minimum signal cycle duration of the 2phase equalweight road intersection from the angle of traffic efficiency. By comparing the average vehicle delay under nonsignalized road intersection with that of the signalized one, choosing the control with less delay as the optimal control, the critical traffic flow for setting the signal at road intersection was obtained. Based on this and considering the restriction of the minimum green time, the minimum signal cycle duration was achieved after adopting the 2phase signal control for 3 common control patterns without signal overlapping.

A multidimensional structural model of risk on the driving behavior decisionmaking was proposed considering 5 aspects of factor including the accident probability, the accident severity, the risk cognition level of driver, the control capability of driver, and the traffic information asymmetry. In this structural model, the driver cognition and decisionmaking were taken as the core in order to distinguish the model from the existing risk analysis theory of the traffic safety based on the road traffic system(pedestrianvehicleroad system). The quantitative expression of each risk factor and its corresponding risk level function were given respectively, and an integrated evaluation model was proposed for the safety risk level. A case study of driver behavior decisionmaking with different vehicle types before and after a bending section of highway was analyzed. The results show that the driving behavior decisionmaking depends on many factors, the integrated safety levels of 4 different vehicle types in order from serious to alleviatory are: heavy truck, big bus, light truck, and passenger car.

Considering the feeder bus demand varies with the progress of feeder bus network, the feeder bus network design problem under elastic demand was investigated and its design flow chart was presented. The Logic model was introduced to analyze the selection behavior of the passenger on feeder bus traffic, a mathematical model was proposed to take the maximization of the number of feeder bus passengers and the minimization of the passenger fares as the targets. The genetic algorithm was used to solve the model. A case example gave the sensitivity analysis on the available fleet size, and demonstrated the validity of the proposed model and algorithm. The results show that the feeder bus route and timetable should be optimized simultaneously, and the available fleet size should be determined based on actual need.

In order to study quantitatively the friction factor characteristic of the snowy road pavement and the driving tenseness of driver under the condition of this kind of pavement, the regression analysis method was adopted to analyze the field observation data to investigate the relations between the friction factor of the snowy pavement and temperature, moisture, thickness, and compaction degree of snow layer. It was found that there are weak relations between the snowy pavement friction factor and the temperature and the thickness of snow while strong relations for the moisture and the compaction degree. A multivariable linear regression model was built. The blood flow, the skin temperature, and the respiration volume of the experienced driver and the inexperienced driver under the immobile condition and under driving on the nonsnow pavement and on the snowy pavement were measured on real vehicle tests. The variations of the performance of the blood circulation system, nervous system and respiratory system were analyzed contrastively, and an evaluation model was established for the driver tenseness.

The distributions of the volumetric parameters in the asphalt mixture were analyzed systematically based on the Marshall test data after their random errors and systematic errors were removed according to the statistical principle. Based on this the evaluation method of the volumetric parameter in the asphalt mixture was explored. The test data illustrated that the 2parameter Weibull distribution can reflect well the distribution of asphalt saturation degree, and the 3parameter Weibull distribution reflects better the distributions of the air void ratio and the void ratio in the mineral aggregate. The study of the evaluation method of the asphalt mixture volumetic parameters based on the Weibull distribution showed that the volumetric parameter at the probality peak of Weibull distribution can more accurately reflect than the average value the distribution feature of volumetric parameters in the asphalt mixture.

Three kinds of AZ91 magnesium alloys, modified by holmium, were prepared using gravity casting. The behaviors of selfcorrosion and galvanic corrosion of the modified alloys were investigated by corrosion tests, respectively. The results indicated that both selfcorrosion and galvanic corrosion resistance of the modified alloys gradually increased with increasing the Ho content, and the magnesium alloys containing 1.10% and 2.16% Ho exhibited better corrosion resistance. In addition, the characteristics of the cathodes evidently had effects on the galvanic corrosion resistance of the modified alloys, and the cathodic potencies of the four kinds of cathodes were ranked in ascending order: AlSi alloy, pure Al, 45# steel and nodular cast iron. The effect of Ho on the corrosion resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy was attributed to effectively restraining the cathodic effect of β phase and increasing selfcorrosion potential.

Dry sliding wear behaviors of HT200, unmodified and modified Mg2Si/Al gradient composites against 45 steel under conditions of different loads and sliding speeds have been investigated. The worn surfaces have been analyzed using SEM and EDS techniques. The results show that the modified composite is superior in wear resistance to the unmodified one, because the fined, round and uniformly distributed primary reinforced phase particles of Mg2Si  can exert strong load bearing effect, suppress plastic deformation and consequently enhance the adhesive wear resistance. The conjugate friction pair of HT200 and 45 steel exhibits severer wear, whereas the Mg2Si/Al  gradient composites have much batter wear resistance than HT200 because of existence of reinforced particles. The wear mechanisms of Mg2Si/Al  gradient composites are mainly adhesive wear and abrasive wear.

Based on the continuous cooling transformation curve of spring steel, a numerical model for structure of spring steel spot welded joint in continuous cooling transformation process was built. Considering the characteristics of spot weld temperature field, a numerical model of random tempering structure transformation was built based on parameter λ, and the prediction for hardness distribution of spot welded joint was realized. The prediction data agreed well with the measured results.

The mechanism of the rigid and flexible coupled dynamic model was analyzed from the basic theory of the flexible dynamic to obtain the dynamic characteristic of gear shaft system response. A rigid and flexible coupled virtual prototype of multistage gear transmission was built. The prototype takes into account comprehensively the flexible features in different directions of transmission shaft, the dynamic behavior of the wet shift clutch, and the effect of timevarying gear meshing force on dynamic response of shafts. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining the load map by the technique of virtual prototype, which can be used to predict the fatigue life of the shaft and study the vibration of gear box.

In order to reduce the intensity of electromagnetic radiation, different suppression measures are applied to the main electromagnetic radiation components of car ignition system. Actual size models of controller and spark plug are established. Simulation is carried out using Finite Element Method (FEM) with multilevel compressed grid methods. The boundary conditions are set according to actual voltage and operating status. The transient electromagnetic field images of the controller and spark plug in ignition are obtained. The impact of the internal structure of the components on the electromagnetic field is analyzed. Improving measures are taken on the designs of circuit and component internal structures, by which the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation is reduced by 16dB. The effectiveness of the design method is verified, which satisfies the state standard of electromagnetic radiation of vehicle components.

An assessment method based on the least square support vector machine(LSSVM) was proposed for the stability of the nonlinear timevarying metrological parameters of the automatic test equipment(ATE). The variation of the parameters of ATE was modelled as a nonlinear time array. Using the radial basis function as the kernel function of LSSVM, a prediction model was built for the nonlinear time varying metrological parameters. Based on the calculated results of the prediction model, using the fuzzy hierarchy analysis to assess the stability of the metrological parameters. Simulation results show that the proposed method is good for the parameter variation prediction of ATE.

The disturbance on the signal conditioning circuit caused by the relay was analyzed and the relay smooth switching technique was proposed to remove the relay disturbance. A smooth switching circuit was designed based on the Ncanal metal oxide semiconduetor, and used in the magnetic resonance sounding(MRS) system. The experiments proved that the technique can remove effectively the disturbance of the relay and reduce the time delay to 8 ms. It enhances the capability of the signal conditioning circuit to receive the weak signal, improves the performance of the instrument JLMRS.

Aiming at the fact that the collection of reliability data in reliability research of numerical control(NC) machine tool is timeconsuming and costly, a reliability data expansion method was proposed based on artificial neural network. An artificial neural network was trained with a few reliability data that collected insitu and analyzed primarily, and the trained network was used to expand the collected data. The failure distribution of the expanded reliability data was the same with the original ones. The reliability data distribution model of the NC machine tool was determined by the analyses of the expanded data by the least square method and the KS test method. Taking the reliability data of 9 NC lathes of the certain type in 3 months as an example, it was demonstrated that the proposed method can be used to determine the reliability data distribution model of the NC machine tool based on a few reliability data, and the fitting precision is good.

A new biomimetic recognition method is proposed based on multidimensional space biomimetic informatics and multiresolution analysis. First, the multiscale features of samples are extracted by multiresolution analysis method and multiresolution robust representation at different scales are obtained by local histogram of oriented gradient descriptor. Second, the optimal multidimensional space covering of feature space is constructed by selforganizing map (SOM) clustering and distance projecting distribution in the feature space of same kind of samples. Finally, the sample to be identified is judged whether belongs to different scale covering sets to decide whether the sample comes from the same kind. To verify the effectiveness, the proposed method is applied to iris recognition. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and probability density function (PDF) of same and different class samples are given based on JLUIRIS database. Experimental results show the proposed method is effective for iris recognition application.

For the cantilever conductive thin plate under external magnetic field, a theoretical model was established to describe the vibration problem of geometric nonlinearity under the mechanicselectricitymagnetism coupling interactions. This model is based on the basic laws and equations of electromagnetics and mechanics of conductive media. Furthermore, the method to determine the effective damping factor was given, and the influences of inplane constant magnetic field on eddy, deformation and magnetic damping were quantitatively simulated. Numerical results demonstrate that the effects of geometric nonlinearity and the coupling induced magnetic damping become stronger as the inplane constant magnetic field increases. The effective damping factor decays with the period or the time, but increases with the inplane constant magnetic field. This study provides scientific basis for the vibration control of conductive structures in magnetic field environment.

Fatigue life of aircraft structures is very important to ensure both aircraft safety and aircrew and passenger lives. The service life can be obtained by analysis of the fatigue test data. Usually, the distribution of the fatigue test data was determined by the method of combination of probability paper and correlation coefficient. However, by this method, some fatigue test data can pass both lognormal distribution test and twoparameter Weibull distribution test. The life prediction will be very different for the same fatigue test data on account of different fatigue scatter factor of different probability distributions. This leads the difficulty in life prediction and life extension of aircraft structures. This question was investigated in this paper and we conclude that the method of combination of probability paper and correlation coefficient can be adopted when the reliability is under 99%. Otherwise, the efficient Weibull distribution test should be applied. The conclusion can provide important reference for engineering.

The representation and decidable reasoning method for spatial semantic knowledge are proposed based on the classical description logic ALC. Spatial relations are represented by a kind of special concepts. The operations on spatial relations can be handled by axioms. The spatial constrain satisfaction problem as well as the terminological reasoning can be solved within a single reasoner. The decidable reasoning on both spatial relation and semantic knowledge is achieved for the first time, and the integration of multiaspect spatial relation models is supported by the knowledgebase. All the previous methods are undecidable. Theoretical analysis, case application and comparison with related works all show that this method can solve the key problem of spatial semantic knowledgebase, and it possesses theoretical and practical values.

Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is a rapid, robust and effective global optimization algorithm, which has been successfully applied in various fields. Based on the DE and NelderMead (NM) simplex search method, a hybrid DENM algorithm is proposed. This algorithm maintains the diversity of the populations, meanwhile accelerates the convergence by taking advantage of the ability of DE global search and NM local search. Comparison results with several existing optimization algorithms show that the new hybrid algorithm is more efficient.

The defects of DVHop localization were analyzed. Then a new localization algorithm called RRDVHop was proposed. This algorithm is based on the Regularly Moving Anchor Node (RMAN) and RSSI assisting positioning to improve DVHop algorithm. Using OMNET++ as the simulation platform, simulation results of the two algorithms were compared and analyzed in the respects of average localization accuracy, cost and stability. It was shown that under the same network condition, compared with DVHop, RRDVHop achieves approximate uniform distribution of anchors, improves average positioning accuracy and keeps better stability in randomly distributed network. Meanwhile, it uses less anchor nodes, hence reduces hardware cost of the network. Therefore, the proposed RRDVHop localization algorithm is more suitable for randomly distributed wireless sensor network.

A timecentered and symbiotic GAbased mathematical model is established and appropriate improvements are made on GA to meet the requirement of contingency resource scheduling. Moreover, the basic elements of GA for solving the best scheduling route are analyzed in detail. A new crossover method and the calculation and evaluation of the fitness function are proposed. Comparison of experiment results shows that, under the same environment situation, the performance of the improved algorithm is better. This model can solve the problem of contingency resource scheduling efficiently and provide strong support for the decision maker.

An identitybased dual anticounterfeit mechanism is proposed. The basic idea of this mechanism is to give each minimum sale unit a unique identity as a product query number with hidden product information, while using the improved EXTRACT algorithm of identitybased encryption to get the private key corresponding to the product ID as the anticounterfeit code, which is for user to compare. This scheme generates unique query numbers for all products with the advantages of low cost, hard to forge, easy for implementation and so on. Security analysis of the algorithm of the scheme is presented.

In this paper, a new method is presented to predict the RNA secondary structure, which combines the characteristics and advantages of combinatorial optimization approach and traditional dynamic programming algorithm. First, for a given RNA sequence, the set containing all possible stems is obtained. Then, adopting what are called loop dependent energy rules, the secondary structure is constructed using dynamic programming algorithm based on stems. The proposed program was tested by the case with RNA sequences. Experiment results show that the proposed program is better than genetic algorithm in terms of specificity, sensitivity and Matthews correlation coefficient, and the complexity of the program is lower than that of traditional dynamic programming algorithm.

A component interaction trace based approach is proposed to support dynamic change impact analysis at software architecture level. To a given architectural change, our approach determines the architecture elements causing the change and impacted by the change, and generates regression test case suite. Firstly, composition based software architecture and component interaction trace are defined. An algorithm for generating component interaction trace from static structure model of software architecture and sequence diagram is provided. Secondly, the taxonomy of changes on software architecture is presented, according to which a set of impact rules are suggested to determine the transfer of the changes in component and among components.

A multitrust domain authentication path algorithm based on lattice was presented. The algorithm is based on the partial ordered operations of lattice and realizes different selections of multitrust domain authentication paths with different partial ordered operations. For the set operations, the algorithm for constructing certificate path between domains is proposed. The algorithm has the advantages of lower running time than the algorithm of certificate path table by two orders of magnitude, and than the adjacency matrix construction by one order of magnitude. In multitrust domains, an open cryptosystem is also constructed by using the partial ordered operations of lattice and group mapping relations of cryptosystem. The system has double securities of public cryptosystem and open public key cryptosystem, so the anonymity of host to visit the resources is realized. The algorithm has high performance efficiency and the cryptosystem has high security and reliability.

An anonymous broadcast authentication protocol based on public key in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is presented. This scheme can achieve immediate broadcasting authentication and realize anonymity of users, avoiding DenialofService (DOS) attack suffered by other schemes. In this scheme, the Certificate Authority (CA) only needs to issue or update a root certificate for a user offline. Thereafter, the user can compute and generate pseudonymous certificate, which is only used in one authentication procedure, hence assures the anonymity and unlinkability of the user. Moreover, the CA is totally on leave during the authentication procedure, which makes the scheme efficient and scalable. The CA is also able to trace and even revoke the users with illegal actions, which ensures the completeness of the scheme.

A method for face detection based on skin color segmentation and improved AdaBoostSVM algorithm was proposed. This method can improve the performance and speed of face detection. Skin color segmentation was implemented through the calculation of the similarity of skin color in YCgCr space. Then, the face regions of the candidate were obtained. An improved AdaBoostSVM algorithm was proposed to enhance the face detection accuracy according to the asymmetry of the face and nonface samples in face detection, and this algorithm was used to verify the face regions of the candidate. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm enhances the performance and speed of face detection, and can detect face regions quickly and accurately with complex background.

The curvature is an important geometric attributes of the surface and the discrete curvature estimation is a basic step of the modeling in the reverse engineering. A novel discrete curvature estimation algorithm was proposed which can be used both for the triangular mesh model and the scattered point data. The algorithm identifies the potential anomalous estimation regions of the Meyer discrete curvature estimation method based on the triangular mesh model. Choosing the 2ring neighborhoods of the vertex in anomalous regions as the kneighborhood, using the weighted local paraboloid fitting to estimate the curvatures in the anomalous region. The algorithm was extended to the scattered point data by constructing the local triangular meshing. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively identify the basic features of the surface and is not sensitive to the shape of the triangular mesh, can surpress the noise to a certain extent.

The decomposition and control of the finite element model for flexible payload system of mechanical arm coordinated manipulation were studied based on the singular perturbation theory. The dynamic model of complex coordinated system was divided into a slow subsystem and a fast subsystem by a dual timescale transform. For the slow subsystem, when the upper bound of the uncertainty was unknown, an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller was designed to realize system trajectory tracking capability. For the fast subsystem, considering the system parameter perturbation, a robust optimal controller was designed to suppress the elastic vibration. Simulation results proved the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

The adaptive faulttolerant control on the uncertain  nonlinear system was studied. A new adaptive faulttolerant controller was designed to asymptotically stabilize the closeloop system based on a robust adaptive observer by constructing a novel Lyapunov function under the condition of without the knowledge of upper bounds of the nonlinear  function, the external disturbance, the modeling uncertainty and the unknown fault input. A case numerical example illustrated the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

Considering the flocking problem of the dynamic model of swarm robotic system in a dynamic environment, an adjacent matrix method is proposed by using the distance between agents. A decentralized controller is designed based on the interaction of local information. The system stability is analyzed by Barbalat Lemma. This controller can make the velocities of all agents of the system converge to the same value in both fixed topology case and switching topology case under dynamic environment. Simulation experiments were conducted to verify the designed controller. Results show that this controller enables the swarm robotic system to reach flocking behavior.

A sixwheel differentially steering lunar rover prototype named JLUIV6 was taken as the research object, deduced velocity kinematics model of the lunar rover in 3D environment, and then obtained its inverse kinematics model. In the path following level, considering the path curvature and the degree of rugged terrain, the fuzzy controller and a fuzzy amendment module were established to control the linear velocity and angular velocity of rover body. In the implementation level, according to the speed and angular velocity of rover body, the speed command was given to each wheel with the inverse kinematics. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by co-simulation with ADAMS and Matlab/Simulink.

A threedimensional visual emulation system is developed, which can be used as a training simulator for photoelectric theodolite. The system construction of the training simulator, the formation and showing method of the 3D scene in virtual environment are presented in detail. Visual C++ and OpenGL programming technique are adopted to emulate the target flying scene and show the flying track in real time. Using OpenGL library, this article investigates the modeling technique of the simulation model for the target tracking scene, the skills of producing special effect, the data driving of the model and the change of view point. The visual simulation of flying object is realized and process is controlled by both computer and manipulator. The experimentalist can observe the flying course of the missile and the simulation tracking process by the manipulator from any distance and different angle.

We propose a distributed scheduling algorithm for multiuser MIMO downlink with dynamic variation of transmission mode and feedback cost. With this algorithm each Mobile Station (MS) chooses transmission scheme, including beamforming and spatial multiplexing according to its channel state, then, feeds back the Channel State Information (CSI) to the Base Station (BS). Based on the received SCI, BS selects user subset to communicate with and implements precoding method to eliminate CoChannel Interference (CCI). The user scheduling is carried out by MS and BS corporately. The cost of the system feedback depends on each MS's channel state. Compared with existing methods, the proposed algorithm can achieve higher system capacity and better Bit Error Rate (BER) performance with appropriate feedback load.

A Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Parallel Interference Cancellation (LMMSEPIC) scheme was proposed to cancel Multiple Access Interference (MUI) in uplink Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiple Access (OFDMA). First, the Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) algorithm was derived to estimate the MUI. Then, the advantage of an iterative Parallel Interference Cancellation (

When existing AODV and OLSR Hybrid Routing (AOHR) protocol selects MultiPoint Relay (MPR) nodes, the difference of nodes' energy is not taken into account. This causes some nodes overspending their energy, which leads the decline of the network lifetime. To overcome this shortcoming, an EnergyEfficient MultiPoint Relay (EEMPR) selection algorithm is proposed. Based on the cost function, the EEMPR algorithm makes a tradeoff between energy consumption and routing optimization. By choosing a onehop neighbor node with maximal cost function value as MPR, a node can try its best to avoid nodes with lower energy to participate in the routing maintenance and packet relay. Theoretical analysis and simulation study show that the proposed EEMPR algorithm can prolong the lifetime of the network and improve the fairness of energy consumption without any performance loss for AOHR protocol.

To solve the problems of peak transmit power in mobile communication systems, a Multihop Maximal Ratio Combining (MHMRC) is introduced to the Virtual Cellular Network (VCN). This method can reduce the route total transmit power and improve the transmit power efficiency degradation. Meanwhile, it can adapt to the random change of number of wireless ports of the network. The algorithm of the MHMRC diversity model mainly consists of two parts. The first part is employing multihop routing algorithm to minimize the total transmit power, and the second part is using ratio combining algorithm to remove the immediately previous port from the route. The effect of power reduction of the MHMRC diversity is evaluated by computer simulation. The results indicate that the model can reduce the number of hops in the route and the transmit power, and consequently increase the multihop link capacity in the network.

An improved cooperative spectrum sensing mechanism is proposed to mitigate the adverse effects of the conventional cooperative spectrum sensing mechanism over unfavorable reporting channels in Cognitive Ratio (CR) system. All CR users are divided into several groups. In each group, the CR user with the largest reporting channel gain is selected as the central node. After performing cooperative spectrum sensing with adaptive dual threshold, the central node forwards its sensing result to the Cognitive Ratio Base Station (SRBS). Then the CRBS fuses the results from all groups to decide the presence or absence of the authorized users. Simulation results indicate that this method can lower the bit error rate of reporting channel. It also decreases the average data overhead with almost the same detection performance as the conventional cooperative spectrum sensing.

In this paper, the energy consumption and reliability of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are analyzed first. Then the asymmetric Cournot model of multiplant firms is employed for spatial game playing of nodes. Finally a tradeoff is made between data redundancy and energy efficiency. Theoretical analysis shows that, under given restraint, there exists a Nash Equilibrium in this model. A method is also given to compute the data transmitting strategy according to the redundancy threshold. Simulations demonstrate the feasibility of this method, which can take the redundancy under control meanwhile reduce the node transmitting load, hence prolong the node lifetime.

A high capacity and robust digital watermarking scheme based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is proposed. This scheme can solve several watermarking problems. The interference among the groups with the same access is decreased by the construction of a group matrix with the sorted sequence. The problem that the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) value of the original image will decease greatly if a large image watermarking image is embedded in can be solved by adaptively adjusting the final encoded watermarks. The MAI can be eliminated by using the Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation (LMMSEE) while the influence of the noise is not increased. Experiment results show that the proposed digital watermarking scheme and methods have the following advantages: the capacity is much high, the distortion of the watermarked image is imperceptible, the security of the watermarking is good, the watermarking has good robust performance resistance to interference noise and other attacks in common image operations.

Based on theory of digital image formation, the pixel distribution in the adjacency is analyzed. Then two distribution functions of pixel value jump in the adjacency are proposed. Nonlinear least square method is employed in the experiment to fit the distribution results from the testing images. DPF function is then inducted to compare the proposed functions with other distribution functions in the literature\[8,12\]. It is shown that the proposed functions have higher degree of fitting and can give better description of the pixel distribution in the adjacency.

We present a Gradient Projection for Square Reconstruction (GPSR) algorithm for solving bound constrained quadratic programming problem to reduce the noise in synthetic vein images, which are blurred by various noises. This algorithm is based on the compressive sensing theory. The edge of the vein was extracted by Canny operator to verify the GPSR method. Experiment results show that, compared with the total variation denoising algorithms developed by Rudin, Osher and Fatemi (also called ROF), using the proposed GPSR algorithm can obtain finger vein image with higher Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), and clearer edge of the vein. So this algorithm can provide more accurate information for vein recognition and extraction.

A new method for measuring the particle velocity based on the gray scale difference and the autocorrelation was proposed from the fact that different exposure time corresponds to different gray scale of particle image point. The flow chart of measuring process and the software algorithm for the image processing were introduced. The numerical simulation and measuring experiment were done and the feasibility of the image processing and its algorithm were validated, showing possibility of simultaneously measuring the velocities of many tracer particles in a flow field.

The response characteristic of photosynthetic apparatus of potato plants under lowpotassium stress was analyzed, and the internal relations among the photosynthetic parameters were investigated. Results show that the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in leaves decrease under lowpotassium stress. However, the effect of the content ratio of chlorophyll a/b was not obvious, that there was no significant difference during the treatment period (P>0.05). Variable fluorescence (Fv), PSII photochemical efficiency and potential activity in leaves under lowpotassium treatment were lower than those in control group. The drop in Fv was due to the increase in initial fluorescence (F0) and the decrease in the maximum fluorescence (Fm). In the early stage of lowpotassium stress, the drop in the net photosynthetic rate Pn was mainly induced by the stomatal limitation. With further extension of the stress time, the nonstomatal limitation gradually became a main factor for the drop in Pn. The response characteristic of photosynthesis of potato leaves under lowpotassium stress can be described by the nonorthogonal hyperbolic Farquhar model. The coefficient of determination of PnPAR response curve in each stage was higher than 0.92. The fitting analysis indicated that both the Apparent Quantum Yield (AQY) and the maximum apparent photosynthetic rate (Pmax) decreased obviously. However, the effects of potassium concentration on Light Compensation Point (LCP) and Dark Respiration Rate (Rd) were not significant.

Evaluation of maturity grading of fresh corn ears was realized through computer vision. Image characteristics of maturity grading were extracted after twodimensional discrete wavelet decomposition. In HIS color model wavelet decomposition of H component was carried out, and the color characteristics of H component were extracted from low frequency subband. The texture characteristics were extracted from high frequency subband in RGB color model. Dimension reduction of characteristic parameters was implemented using principal component analysis method. The first four principal component values were taken as the network inputs. The probabilistic neural network was developed for maturity grading of fresh corn ears, and the grading accuracy is about 95%.

Bioactive peptides from egg white were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis with alkaline proteinase. The fraction with AngiotensinConverting Enzyme (ACE) inhibition was purified by gel chromatography. Nineteen active peptides were identified by quadruple linearity ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Three active peptides: DHPFLF, HAEIN and QIGLF were synthesized and the activities were measured. Results show that QIGLF has the highest activity with the IC50 value of 75.00  μM, and was resistant to digestion by protease of the gastrointestinal tract.

Transfer trajectory design with the orbit insertion point on the stable manifold of the Halo orbit was studied. First, the mathematical model was given, and the Halo orbit and the corresponding stable manifold were computed. Then, the design method of the transfer trajectory was briefly introduced. Finally, the stable manifold with minimal Earth distance was taken as the nominal stable manifold; the transfer trajectory with insertion point on different positions of the stable manifold was computed using differential correction; the effects of manifold insertion point on the insertion maneuvering velocity and on the flight time of the transfer trajectory were analyzed. Numerical simulation shows that there are three local minimal points of the insertion maneuvering velocity. If the manifold insertion point is selected in the vicinity of the second minimal point, the insertion maneuvering velocity saves 10 m/s than that of ISEE3 while the flight time remains the same.

A control strategy was proposed for the agile missile with the blended lateral thrust and aerodynamic surface control based on the active disturbancerejection control(ADRC) and the dynamic control allocation. An ADRC based controller was designed using the longitudinal dynamic model of the agile missile to obtain the control moment required by the attack angle of the missile. The required control moment are mapped into the respective control commands on the aerodynamic deflector and the thrust engine array using the dynamic control allocation to realize the fast and accurate tracking of the attack angle command of the missile. The ADRC based controller is insentive to the model parameter variation, applicable to the condition of large aerodynamic disturbance of the lateral jet flow of the missile. The dynamic control allocation algorithm can give appropriate allocation between the aerodynamic deflection and the lateral thruster taking into account of the dynamic characteristics and the constraints of both kinds of actuators. The proposed blended control strategy can fast track the attack angle command accurately, providing a basis for the design of agile missile control system with lateral thrust and aerodynamic controls.