Abstract:Objective To observe the ultrastructure,ATPase activity and Ca²⁺concentration (［Ca²⁺］i) of mitochondria in the sperematogenic cells of mouse testes 3-24 h after low dose radiation with 0.025-0.200 Gy X-rays,and illuminate the effects of mitochondrion structure and relative biological function on apoptosis.
Methods The ultrastructure changes of mitochondria in the spermatogenic cells were observed with transmission electron microscope;the ATPase activity was measured with protein enzymic method;［Ca²⁺］i was measured indirectly by flow cytometry with Fluo-3 probes.Results The mitochondria swelled and vacuolizated,and their cristae were broken in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes 12 h after irradiation,and their nuclei were karyopyknosis，the acrosomal vesicle structure was ambiguity，the membrane structure was unclear，and the mitochondria in spermatids were vacuolization.The activities of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in mouse testis tissue 12 h after irradiated with 0.025-0.200 Gy decreased compared with those with 0 Gy,the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities of the cells irradiated with 0.05-0.200 Gy decreased  significantly compared with those with 0 Gy (P< 0.05),and Ca²⁺-ATPase of the cells irradiated with 0.025-0.200 Gy decreased significantly compared with those with 0 Gy (P< 0.05).　The change of ［Ca²⁺］i in mouse testis spermatogenic cells had similar dose-response relationship,［Ca²⁺］i  after irradiated with 0.075 Gy decreased compared with those with 0 Gy (P< 0.05). After 0.075 Gy irradiation for 3-24 h,the activities of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in mouse testis tissues decreased obviously compared with those at 0 h (P< 0.05),the activities of Ca²⁺-ATPase in mouse testis tissues increased slightly at 3 h,then decreased at 6-24 h compared with those at 0 h (P< 0.05);［Ca²⁺］i in mouse testis spermatogenic cells had similar time course-response relationship,［Ca²⁺］i at 12 h decreased significantly compared with at 0 h（P< 0.05）.
Conclusion Low dose radiation could induce the structure changes in the spermatogenic cell mitochondria of mouse testes;at the same time,there are the regularities of dose-effect and time course-effect in the changes of ATPase activitiy and ［Ca²⁺］i induced by low dose radiation.

Abstract:Objective To study the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) on calcium channel by observing the expressions of TRPC1 and TRPC4 mRNA in SMMC-7721 cells.Methods  SMMC-7721 cell cultures were exposed to cadmium at concentrations of 0,5,10,20,30 and 40   μmol·L^-1for 24 h.Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix and Mx3000P QPCR System were used to measure a threshold cycle (C_T) value for each sample.Relative quantitation of gene expression was based on the comparative CT method.Results The TRPC1 mRNA level tended to decrease along with the elevating of cadmium dose.The expressions of TRPC1 mRNA in all experimental groups were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.01),except 20   μmol·L^-1  group.The TRPC4 mRNA level first increased then decreased along with the elevating of cadmium dose.The expressions of TRPC4 mRNA in 5,10 and 30   μmol·L^-1 groups were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.01).Conclusion Cadmium can affect the calcium channels by inducing the expressions of TRPC1 and TRPC4 mRNA in SMMC-7721 cells at low doses.

Abstract:Objective To study the capability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in promoting the recovery of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and provide a new method for the treatment of renal diseases. Methods BMSCs were cultivated and amplified in vitro from bone marrow cell suspension of healthy 3-week-old C57BL/6J mice.8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into sham operation group (n=16),parallel control group (n=16) and cell transplantation group (n=16).The renal ischemia-reperfusion injury model was established.BMSCs were transplanted into the mice in cell transplantation group via the tail vein and saline was injected into the mice in parallel control group.Renal function,such as the level of serum urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr),the indexes of renal oxidative stress,such as the levels of hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion,morphologic changes and renal pathological changes were detected. Results ①BMSCs not only had a high purification,homogeneity and stability,but also had unlimited proliferation.②The mice in parallel control group appeared the poor state.The indexes of renal function and oxidative stress were obviously increased.And there were collapse of renal glomerulus,disappearance of renal tubule and infiltration of inflammatory cells in renal tissue.Transplanted mice appeared the good state.The indexes of renal function and indexes of oxidative stress had been significantly improved (P<0.05).The renal pathological changes were not obvious. Conclusion BMSCs are easily isolated and cultivated in vitro.BMSCs can improve renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via vein transplantation by inhibiting the production and attacking of oxygen free radicals.

Abstract:Objective To observe the effects of ACE inhibitor enalaprilat(Ena) and protein kinase C(PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine(Chele)on proliferation,collagen Ⅰ,cell cycle,PKC and cyclinD₁ protein expression of neonatal cardiac fibroblasts(CFb) and to probe its molecular mechanism.Methods CFb of neonatal Wistar rats were divided into control group,AngⅡ group,Chele+AngⅡ group,Chele+AngⅡ+Ena group and AngⅡ+Ena group.CFb were isolated by trypsin digestion method.MTT colorimetric assay was adopted to evaluate cell proliferation,immunocytochemical staining(IC) was used to measure collagen Ⅰ content,Western blotting and flow cytometry were used to detect PKC,cyclinD₁ and cell cycle respectively.Results Compared with AngⅡ group，the MTT value decreased dramatically（P<0.05 or P<0.001）,collagen Ⅰ content decreased（P<0.05 or P<0.01）;the percentage of cell at G₀/G₁ phase increased and the percentage of cells at S phase decreased（P<0.05 or P<0.01）;and the PKC and cyclinD₁ protein expressions were inhibited in Chele,Ena,and Chele+AngⅡ+Ena groups（P<0.05 or P<0.01）.Conclusion The antiproliferation effects of Ena on CFb can be attributed to inhibiting PKC/cyclinD₁ signal pathway possibly.

Abstract:Objective To study the inhibitory effect of triethyltin chloride (TETC) on proliferation  of rat C6 glioma cells in vitro and its mechanism and provide basis for research on TETC in treatment  for glioma.  Methods MTT assay was performed to determine the inhibitory rate of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0   μmol/L TETC on rat C6 glioma cells for 24  and 48 h.The  changes of nucleus of C6 glioam cells treated  with  0.5,1.0 and 2.0   μmol/L TETC for 48 h were observed by fluorescent microscope. Flow cytometry was used to assess the effects of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0   μmol/L TETC on cell cycle and apoptosis in rat C6 glioma cells for 48 h.  Results 0.5,1.0 and 2.0  μmol/L TETC  inhibited the proliferation of C6 glioma cells in vitro,and the inhibitory rates were 7.92%,9.51%,19.03% and 15.62%,36.16%,41.92% in   24 h TETC treated group and 48 h TETC treated group,respectively. The inhibitory rate of TETC on C6 glioma cells determined by MTT assay increased in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner，and there were significant differences of the inhibitory rates at 48 h between  control and various doses groups as well as between various doses groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01) . Pyknotic nucleus and nuclear fragment were shown by fluorescent microscope. When C6 glioma cells were treated with 1.0 and 2.0  μmol/LTETC for 48 h,the ratio of G₀/G₁ phase cells significantly increased compared with control group(P<0.05);while the cells  at  S phase were decreased(P<0.05);the apoptotic cells were significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.05).
Conclusion TETC can inhibit the proliferation of rat C6 glioma cells in vitro,the mechanism of which may be involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Abstract:Objective  To investigate the reversal effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) and cyclosporin A(CsA) on multidrug resistance(MDR) of human erythroleukemia cells with gene transfer K562/MDR and to discuss the possible correlative mechanism. Methods K562/MDR cells in culture medium were      treated with TMP （50—6 400  mg·L^-1）　and CsA（0.5—256  mg·L^-1 ） respectively. The growth rates of these cells were measured by MTT assay.Non-cytotoxic doses of TMP and CsA were determined.There were 5 growps in the experiment:G1（TMP+ADM+K562/MDR）,G2（CsA+ADM+K562/MDR）,G3（TMP+CsA+ADM+K562/MDR）,negative control （K562/MDR subsitituted by K562/S）,control（drugs subsitituted by 1640 culture medium）,the inhibitory effects of adriamycin (ADM) used alone or in combination with TMP or/and CsA on the proliferation of K562/S and K562/MDR cells were observed by resisting fold and reversal folds.The effects of TMP and CsA on ADM accumulation in K562/S and K562/MDR cells were analyzed by fluorospectrophotometry.The protein level of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was detected by flow cytometry (FCM).
Results The non-cytotoxic doses of TMP and CsA were 320 and 2.0 mg·L^-1,respectively.The resistance of K562/MDR cells to ADM was 19.2 folds of that of K562/S cells.When TMP and CsA were added along with ADM to the K562/MDR culture,the reversal folds were 5.2 and 9.6.When TMP in combination with CsA was added along with ADM to the K562/MDR culture,the reversal folds were 15.6.When various concentrations ADM were added to the K562/MDR culture,TMP and CsA could increase the intracellular accumulation of ADM.The effect of TMP in combination with CsA was more evident.Compared with  control,TMP and CsA could inhibit the overexpression of P-gp protein（P<0.01）.Conclusion The single or combinated application of TMP and CsA could increase the drug concentration of K562/MDR cells and reverse the MDR of tumor cells.Its activity may be related to the inhibition of P-gp protein overexpression.
Key words：tetramethylpyrazine;cyclosporin A;multidrug resistance reverse;K562/MDR cells

Abstract:Objective  To study the  effects of 2-selenium bridged β-cyclodextrin (2-SeCD) on the apoptosis of H22 cell line and explore its activity of anti-tumor. Methods 2-SeCD with different doses (80,160,320,640  μmol·L^-1 ) 　were added into the medium in which the cells were cultivated  in vitro,   negative control group was set up also.The morphological changes of H22 cells were observed under phase contrast microscope;the inhibibory rate of the growth of H22 cells was detected with MTT method,IC₅₀ was calculated,the cell cycle and apoptosis of H22 cells were determined with flow cytometry.Results After exposure of H22 cells to 2-SeCD at the doses of 320 and 640  μmol·L^-1 for 48 h,the inhibitory rates of  H22 cells were （25.90±2.13）% and （49.40±3.66）%,they were higher than that in control group (P<0.01).2-SeCD inhibited the growth of  H22 cells in dose-dependent  manner,and its  IC₅₀ was 611.29  μmol·L^-1 . After exposure of H22 cells to 2-SeCD at the doses of 320 and  640  μmol·L^-1  for 48 h,the apoptotic rates were 5.52% and 12.47%,respectively. 2-SeCD  inhibited the proliferation of cell cycle at G₀／G₁ phase.Conclusion 2-SeCD can suppress the growth of  H22 cells and induce apoptosis,and it  has a potential treatment value in inhibiting hepatoma cell proliferation.

Objective
To study the effects of ethanol extract from Java Brucea Fruit on platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) mediated cell migration and to obtain the valuable messages on the characteristics of its active ingredient. 
Methods   PAE cells was transfected with the vector expressing human PDGFRβ with Transfectom 2000;After screening by G418 resisitance,RT-PCR was used to monitor the expression of PDGFRβ in the cells;Wound healing of the cells was used to examine the lowest consistency of PDGFBB and inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Java Brucea Fruit on cell migration after restoring 24 h.Results Human PDGFRβ was stably expressed in PAE cells transfected with the expressing vector.The lowest consistency of exogenous PDGFBB which promoted PDGFRβ mediated cell migration was 10 μg·L^-1.70% ethanol extract of Java Brucea Fruit which strongly inhibited PDGFRβ　mediated cell migration was dose-dependent（P<0.05）,50% and 25% ethanol extract from Java Brucea Fruit (≤10  μg·L^-1) had the weaker inhibitory effect, ethanol extract from Java Brucea Fruit (>10 μg·L^-1 )  mainly caused the death of the cell. Conclusion Ethanol extract of Java Brucea Fruit has a strongly inhibitory effect on the PDGFRβ mediated cell migration which could play a major role in its effects against metastasis of malignant tumor,the active ingredients of it could be more dissolvable in the 70% ethanol.

Objective
To observe the effects of hypertonic solution （HS） on ［Ca²⁺］i in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs）suffering from hypoxia/reoxygenation in vitro,and clarify the mechanism of protective effect of HS on vascular  endothelial cells(VEC).Methods HUVECs were successfully isolated by irrigative kneading digestion method,and were seperated to control group and experimental group.HUVECs were cultivated in hypoxia environment (95% nitrogen,5% CO₂) for 8　h and placed in HS for 15 min(experimental group),then cultivated  under normal condition (95% air and 5% CO₂) for 16 h.HUVECs in control group were placed in M199 for 15 min,then cultivated under normal condition.Fluo-3 fluorescence intensity was detected before experiment (T₀),and in hypoxia (T₁),after treatment (T₂),1/2,2,8,16 h after reoxygenation (T₃).Results The fluorescence intensity at T₁ was significantly increased compared with T₀ (P<0.05)in two groups； in experimental group,the fluorescence intensity at T₂ was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05)at T₂ or  experimental group at T₁,but still higher than T₀ (P<0.05),and in the process of reoxygenation,the fluorescence intensity gradually reduced to the level of T₀ at T₅； in the process of reoxygenation,the fluorescence intensities in the experimental group were lower than control group at the same time (T₃,T₄,T₅,T₆  (P<0.05).
Conclusion ［Ca²⁺］i in HUVECs increase significantly after hypoxia and reoxygenation. HS can ease the calcium overload in HUVECs,reduce ［Ca²⁺］i in HUVECs,then play a protective effect on HUVECs.

Objective
To investigate the  suppressing effect of cadmium chloride on proliferation of hepatocarcinoma,and to discuss the mechanism for the difference of  cadmium chloride between normal and tumor tissue.Methods Hepatocarcinoma cell lines HepG-2 and SMMC-7721 were treated with 5,10,25 and 50 μmol·L^-1 cadmium chloride for 6 h,MTT essay was used to measure the inhibition of proliferation of HepG-2 and SMMC-7721 cells;Instantaneously,HepG-2 and SMMC-7721 cells were treated with 25μmol·L^-1 cadmium chloride for different time,the inhibition of proliferation was also measured. Athymic mice were used to establish the human hepatocarcinoma animal models,the survival day and tumor volume 8 weeks after drug administration were detected;the  metallothionein (MT) levels in normal and tumor tissues were determined by immunohistochemimal staining.Results Compared with control group,5,10,25 and 50 μmol·L^-1 cadmium chloride inhibited the proliferation of hepatocarcinoma cell lines（P< 0.05）,the inhibitory rate increased with the dose of drug and action time.Compared with control,the tumor volumes in model mice were significantly decreased in 0.25,1.00 and 4.00 mg·kg^-1cadmium  chloride and ZnCl₂＋CdCl₂ groups（P< 0.05） and  the survival day increased（P< 0.05）.The tumor volume in ZnCl₂＋CdCl₂ group had no difference with 1 mg·kg^-1 cadmium chloride group,however,the survival day was longer（P< 0.05）. The result of immunohistochemical staining showed the MT level in hepatocarcinoma tissue was significantly lower than that in normal liver tissue,the MT level was increased significantly in normal liver tissue pretreated with ZnCl₂,otherwise it was no change in hepatocarcinoma tissue.Conclusion Cadmium chloride has anti-tumor effect on hepatocarcinoma.Pretreatment with ZnCl₂ could increase the MT level in normal liver tissue; the MT level in tumor tissue is lower and could not be induced by zinc.

Objective
 To explore the possibility of differentiation of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) into smooth muscle cells(SMCs) and the potential of using these SMCs as cell sources for engineering of blood vessel construction.
Methods  Canine BMSCs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and cultivated in DMEM supplemented with PDGF-BB and vitamin C(VIT-C).The phenotypic characteristics of  BMSCs were identified by morphological observation,α-SMA and SMMHC in SMCs at passage 4-6 were analyzed by  immunofluorescent staining,and the positive rates of SMCs at passage 5,6 were detected by flow cytometry.
Results The BMSCs cultivated in the conditioned medium for SMCs showed SMC-like morphology:they displayed spindle-shape in morphology and were  positive for α-SMA but negative for SMMHC.42 d and 33 d were needed to obtain 10⁷-10⁸ seeding cells without or with PDGF-BB/VIT-C in culture medium respectively.With the subculture,the percentage of α-SMA positive cells increased from 57.8% at passage 5 to 66.8% at passage 6,suggesting under aforementioned cultured conditions,more BMSCs turned into SMCs.Conclusion BMSCs can be differentiated into SMCs under appropriate culture conditions,suggesting the potentiality of using these SMCs as cell sources for tissue engineering of blood vessel construction.

Objective
To observe the effect of fluvastatin on the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)1/2,expression of connective tissue growth factor(CTGF) in  glomerular mesangial cells stimulated by high glucose,and explore the pathogenic mechanism of diabetic nephropathy(DN) and its early prevention and treatment.Methods The study consisted of two parts,the first part was to repeat the existing experienment of stimulatory effect  of high glucose on mesangial cells,and validated that high glucose could up-regulated the expression of CTGF through stimulating  ERK,and the  change was unrelated with hypertonic conditions.There were five groups:①normal control group(NG);②high glucose group(HG);③mannitol group(MN);④NG+ERK inhibitor PD98059 group(NG+PD);⑤HG+ ERK inhibitor PD98059 group（HG+PD）.The second part was to observe the changes of the expressions of CTGF protein and mRNA in mesangial cells at high glucose concentration before and after fluvastatin intervention. There were also five groups:①normal control group(NG);②high glucose group(HG);③normal glucose and  fluvastatin group (NG+F);④high glucose + fluvastatin(HG+F);⑤high glucose + fluvastatin and  mevalonic acid group(HG+F+M).The activity of ERK1/2 and the expressions of CTGF  protein and mRNA in cultured glomerular mesangial cells stimulated by high glucose were detected   with Western blotting and RT-PCR.The amount of fibronectin (FN) in the supernatant of cells was analyzed by ELISA.Intracellular total protein level was measured by Coomassie brilliant blue method.Results The first part showed that the activity of ERK1/2 and the expression of CTGF protein in HG were more higher than those in NG（P<0.01）,which in HG+PD were more less than those in HG（P<0.01）,and all the indexes had no obvious difference between MN and NG+PD.The second part showed that the activity of ERK1/2 and the expressions of CTGF protein and mRNA in HG were  significantly  higher than those in NG(P<0.01),and the levels of intracellular total protein and FN were also increased significantly（P<0.01）.The activity of ERK1/2 and the expressions of CTGF protein and mRNA in HG+F were   significantly lower than those in HG,and the levels of intracellular total protein and FN were also significantly decreased（P<0.01）.The indexes mentioned above in HG+F+M had no obvious difference with those in HG+F.Conclusion Fluvastatin can decrease the expression of CTGF and FN level in the glomeruli and inhibit the activity of ERK1/2 to ameliorate the progression of glomerular hypertrophy and restrain and delay  DN progression.

Objective
To disccuss the antioxidative effects of sodium ozagrel (OZG) in myocardial ischemia in rats and illuminate its effect of decreasing oxidative damage.Methods Forty healthy Wistar rats were randomly devided into five groups:control,model,pretreatment,treatment and therapeutic alliance groups.OZG was used for 2 weeks in pretreatment group,then isoprenaline hydrochloride (ISO) was applied to make myocardial ischemia model.5 min after the establishment of model,OZG and OZG combined with glyceryl trinitrate(GT) were used in treatment group and therapeutic alliance group,respectively,ECG was recorded at the same time.1 h later,the activities of serum myocardial creatases (AST,LDH,CK),malonaldehyde(MDA) level and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity were detected.Results ECG:When the model was successfully set up,ST segment in every group all raised≥0.1 mV,the minimum value of raise was in pretreatment group.When the model was succeeded 5 min later,ST segment in model group slightly decreased but still ≥0.1 mV and it was significant in pretreatment group. In treatment and therapeutic alliance groups,compared with model succeeding’ST segment,ST segment decreased significantly at 5 min later(P<0.05),the best obvious in therapeutic alliance group.Myocardial creatases:compared with control group,AST,LDH and CK all raised in model group respectively and all had significant difference (P<0.05).In pretreatment,treatment and therapeutic alliance groups,myocardial creatases were lower than those in model group (P<0.05).Compared with control group,when model succeeding,MDA raised (P<0.05) and SOD decreased in model group(P<0.05).It also appeared in pretreatment and therapeutic alliance groups compared with model group(P<0.05).Compared with treatment group,SOD raised in pretreatment and therapeutic alliance groups(P<0.05).Conclusion OZG could enhance antioxygen capability in myocardial cells,and decrease oxidative damage by the active free radical.

Objective
To study the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2) expression of renal cells in epilepsy rats induced by kainic acid,and elucidate the mechanism of renal injury caused by epilepsy.Methods 70 male Wistar  rats were randomly divided into two groups:epilepsy group and control group,35 rats in each group.Rat epilepsy model was prepared by injection of kainic acid into amygdala under three-dimensional positioning devices.At different time points(0,2,6,12 and  24 h) after epilepsy spasm,the renal tissue specimens were immediately prepared for immunohistochemistry.The ERK1/2 expression of rat renal cells was calculated and compared with control group.Results The ERK1/2 expression (gray value) of renal tubular epithelial cells in epilepsy rats began to increase gradually after epilepsy spasm.It reached peak at 6 h after epilepsy spasm.The ERK1/2 expression of renal tubular epithelial cells in epilepsy rats was significantly higher than at 0 h （P<0.01）,then it decreased gradually;at 24 h after spasm,the renal tissue ERK1/2 expression was as high as at 0 h （P>0.05）.There were no major pathological changes in kidney of  rats with epilepsy stained with HE.Conclusion ERK1/2 activation may have important role in the renal injury caused by epilepsy.Inhibition of the activation of ERK1/2 may lead to the renal protection.

Objective
To study the protective effects of the polyphenols of vitis amurensis Rupr(PVAR) on oxidative damage in rats caused  by chronic alcohol intakes.Methods Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups according rats’ weights: normal control group,alcohol injury group(the rats were treated with 10mL·kg^-1    33% alcohol via i.g);PVAR group(after ingesting 200 and 400 mg·kg^-1   PVAR,the male rats were treated with 10 mL·kg^-1    33% alcohol via i.g).After 8 weeks,the concentrations of malondialdehyde(MDA),reactive oxygen species(ROS),glutathione(GSH) and the activities of SOD and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) in rat liver tissues were measured.The activities of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) in rats  were measured.Results Compared with alcohol injury group,the concentrations of MDA,ROS,GPT and GOT were decreased significantly (P<0.05),and the GSH level was increased significantly(P<0.01) in PVAR groups.The activities of SOD,HO-1 in PVAR groups were increased significantly(P<0.05).Conclusion PVAR has protective effects on oxidative damage induced by chronic alcohol intakes and the effects are related to increasing HO-1 activity,scavenging oxygen free radicals and reducing lipid peroxidation.

Objective To study the anti-neuroglioma effect  of methyl-mercuric chloride(MMC) by observing the morphological changes of apoptotic neuroglioma cells induced with MMC in rats with brain neuroglioma.Methods The rat models of neuroglioma were established,and divided into two groups.  The rats in experimental group were lavaged with MMC 1 week after injected with C6 glioma cells, 10 mg·kg^-1every day,the rats in  control group were treated   with sodium chloride at the same dose. 24 d after inoculation all rats were sacrificed except natural death, the brain tissues were obtained ,and the pathohistological changes were observed under light microscope and transmission electron microscope.Results The macropathological result showed that the tumor volume in experimental group was smaller than that in control group.Under light microscope,in experimental group the growth density of C6 ghioma cells was lower than that in control group,and the apoptotic cells with smaller volume and karyopyknosis were found.The result of transmission electron microscope showed that in experimental group,the glioma cells had some changes such as karyopyknosis,chromoplasm margination,nuclear fragmentation and vacuolar degeneration and so on.Conclusion MMC has inhibitory effect on the proliferation of C6 glioma in rats in vivo,its mechanism may be related to inducing the apoptosis of neuroglioma cells.

Objective To investigate the suppression to  2-glycoprotein-1-specific B cell response  by human recombinant  2-glycoprotein-1 domain Ⅰ dimer（rhβ2-GP1-DⅠ₂） in rhβ2-GP1 immunized mice. Methods The effects of treatment using rhβ2-GP1-DⅠ₂ on titer and ratio of anti-β2-GP1 were  analyzed by solid phase ELISA. The number of splenic β2-GP1-specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) was counted  by  ELISPOT.Results The levels of anti-β2-GP1 from rhβ2-GP1 immunized mice treated with rhβ2-GP1-DⅠ₂  were significantly decreased compared with those in negative controls（P<0.01）.The reductions paralleled by decreases in ratio of  anti-β2-GP1（P<0.01）；β2-GP1-specific AFC decreased at the same time（P<0.01）.
Conclusion Intravenous administration of rhβ2-GP1-DⅠ₂ could inhibit the  2-glycoprotein-1-specific B cell response in rhβ2-GP1 immunized mice.


Objective
To observe the effect of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and multi-drug resistance gene MDR1 on leukemia chemotherapy resistance,to demonstrate the relationship between  NF-κB and multidrug-resistance and the related mechanism.Methods  Erythroleukemia cells K562 and adriamycin(ADM)-resistance cells K562/ADM were treated with  ADM (0,0.25,0.50,1.00,2.00   μg·L^-1) or mitomycin (MIT)(0,2,4,8,16 mg·L^-1)　for 48 h. The cell viability was detected by MTT assay,the cell resistant factor was calculated,MDR1 and IκB mRNA levels were detected by RT-PCR;P-gp and  P65 protein levels were detected by Western blotting.
Results Compared with control group,0.50 and 1.00   μg·L^-1 ADM or 4 and 8 mg·L^-1  MIT inhibited the cell viability significantly in erythroleukemia cells K562 in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01);but had no significant effect on drug-resistance cells;on the mRNA level,compared with K562 cells,the  expression level of MDR1 mRNA in K562/ADM cells was higher(P<0.01).Compared with control group,the expressions of  IκBα mRNA decreased(P<0.01)　 in K562 cells or K562/ADM cells treated with  0.50 and 1.00   μg·L^-1 ADM  or 4 and 8 mg·L^-1　 MIT respectively in a dose-dependent manner.On the protein level,compared with K562 cells,the expression of P-gp protein increased(P<0.01)；compared with control group,the expression of P-gp protein  increased (P<0.01),the expression of P65 protein increased at the same time  in a  dose-dependent manner in K562/ADM cells treated with 0.50 and 1.00 μg·L^-1 ADM or 4 and 8 mg·L^-1 MIT(P<0.01).Conclusion The high  expression of MDR1 gene and P-gp protein may be the essential mechanism of drug resistance in K562 cells,and the activation of NF-κB may be involved in the regulation of multi-drug resistance.

Abstract:Objective To discuss the tumor suppressing effect of cadmium chloride on S180 sarcoma,and to explore its  favoriable dosage. Methods The mouse models bearing S180 sarcoma were treated with cadmium chloride with dosages of 0.25,1.00 and 4.00  mg·kg^-1,the anti-tumor effect was evaluated by calculating of tumor weight;spleen and thymus indexes,carbon phage assay,lymphocyte transformed assay and hematolysis assay were used to measure the effect of cadmium chloride on immune function. Results Cadmium chloride with varied dosage of 0.25,1.00 and 4.00  mg·kg^-1 inhibited the growth of S180 sarcoma,the tumor weights in cadmium chloride groups were significantly lower than that in control(P< 0.05 or P< 0.01),especially in 1  mg?kg^-1 group(P< 0.01).The thymus indexes in 0.25,1.00,and 4.00    mg·kg^-1cadmium chloride groups and spleen index in 4.00  mg·kg^-1 cadmium chloride group were increased compared with control group;the carbon phage capabilities and lymphocyte proliferation  rates were higher in 0.25 and 1.00  mg·kg^-1 cadmium chloride groups than those in control group(P< 0.05 or P< 0.01),the hematolysis assay had no difference between cadmium chloride groups and control group.Conclusion Cadmium chloride can inhibit the growth of  S180 sarcoma as well as inhance the immune fuction.The favoriable dosage was 1  mg·kg^-1.

Abstract:Objective To explore the application of bacteriophage therapy against intestine-derived infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to evaluate the potential value of bacteriophages.Methods Phages were isolated and purified by conventional processes.A murine model of intestine-derived infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was established through administration of ampicillin and cyclophosphamide (CY) by intraperitoneal injection.Animals were divided  into  treatment group Ⅰ (phage administration,1　d before the bacterial challenge),treatment  group Ⅱ (phage administration，5　d after the bacterial challenge),treatment  group Ⅲ (phage administration，10 d after the bacterial challenge) and control group (no phage administration) to evaluate anti-infection efficacy of phage. Results Four strains of lytic phage were isolated from sewage.1　d before the bacteria challenge,oral administration of lytic phages was sufficiently to rescue 70% of the animals compared with control animals (P<0.01).5 d after the bacteria challenge,oral administration of lytic phages was significantly to rescue 80% of the animals compared with control animals (P<0.01).However,10 d after the bacteria challenge,oral administration of lytic phages was only to rescue 10% of the animals(P>0.05).
Conclusion The phage treatment significantly improve the survival rate of mice during the early stage of infection;it suggestes that the phages may serve as an effective agent against bacterial infection.

Abstract:Objective To screen mimic peptide epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from 12-mer phage display random peptide library,and to explore its immune activity.Methods  A 12-mer phage display random peptide library was screened for 3 rounds by using the polyclonal antibody IgG which was purified from tubercle positive serum of deers according to such a procedure as adsorbing,eluting and amplification,and 20 positive clones were selected randomly,confirmed by its specificity.The BALB/c mice were immuned with mixture of the positive clones as test group,BCG group as a positive control,TBS group as negative control group;Three weeks later,ELISA was used to detect the anti-PPD antibody titer in the immunized mice sera. The lymphocytes were separated from the immunized mice and the stimulating index (SI) was determined to further evaluate protective immune response to MTB.All the immunized mice were challenged with 10⁶ CFU BCG to study the protection conferred by the positive clones.Results After 3 rounds of effective bio-panning,15 of 20 phage clones were identified as positive clones by competent ELISA which could bind to polyclonal antibody IgG,the positive rate was 75%. A significant difference in valence of antibody in test group was observed compared with BCG group(P<0.01).In mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation test,after stimulated by ConA,LPS,PPD,the SI values in test group were higher than those in BCG group,but there was no significant difference(P>0.05);the SI values were significantly higher than those in TBS group(P<0.01). The pathological changes of mouse lung section were observed in test group and BCG group, the alveolar tissue appeared to be intact with significantly less lymphocyte infiltration.In TBS group the pulmonary parenchyma developed severe fibrosis .The lotus bacterium (log CFU·mg^-1) 　in test group（4.080±0.035）was lower than that in TBS group（4.360±0.110）(P<0.01),but was higher than that in BCG group（3.980±0.023）. Conclusion  Mycobacterium tuberculosis mimic epitopes of positive clones have been successfully screened.They can induce mouse to produce specific immunity and protective effect.This result laid a further experiment foundation for development of  new tuberculosis vaccine of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of silver carboxymethyl chitosan（CMCT-Ag⁺）on experimental periodontitis in rats and the therapeutic mechanism,and provide evidence for preparing drug of treatment for periodontitis with high bactericidal action.Methods The first molar on the right of upper jaw in rats was bound with steel-wire.The gums of rats were spread with Porphyromonas gingivalis and the rats were fed with food of high density of glucose to induce rat periodontitis model.The rats were divided into six groups:control,model,Tinidazole,12.5,50.0 and 200.0 mg·kg^-1  CMCT-Ag⁺.Then the  bleeding index (BI),plaque index (PLI) and alveolar bone loss (ABL) in rats were observed. Results ① Compared with control rats,the model rats were easier gum blooding，dental plaque number increasing and conspicuous alveolar bone losing.The BI,PLI and ABL in model group were higher than those in control group（P<0.05 or P<0.01）.② Compared with model group,the BI and PLI in 50.0 mg·kg^-1 CMCT-Ag⁺group as well as BI,PLI and ABL in 200.0 mg·kg^-1  CMCT-Ag⁺ group were lower than those in model group（P<0.05 or P<0.01）.③ Compared with Tinidazole group,the BI and PLI in 12.5 mg·kg^-1  CMCT-Ag⁺group were higher than those in Tinidazole group（P<0.01）.④ Compared between CMCT-Ag⁺  treatment groups,the BI and PLI in 12.5 mg·kg^-1 group were higher than those in 200.0 mg·kg^-1 group （P<0.05）.
Conclusion CMCT-Ag⁺ can effectively treat rat periodontitis in a dose-dependent manner and 200.0 mg·kg^-1 CMCT-Ag⁺ can repair alveolar bone loss in periodontitis rats.The mechanism that CMCT-Ag⁺ can treat rat periodontitis  is due to inhibiting bacteria in periodontal tissue and preventing  dental plaque from forming.

Abstract:Objective To explore the effect of collagen  membrane combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2(rhBMP-2) on periodontal tissue regeneration  and repair in periodontal  defect models of rats.Methods Eighteen male  healthy Wistar rats,which were made experimental periodontal bone defects in the inferior incisors,were randomly divided into three groups:control group,collagen membrane group (Co),collagen membrane and rhBMP-2 group (Co/rhBMP-2). Two rats from each group
were sacrificed at 4,6,8 weeks after operation. The mandibles were removed,and examined under light microscope.Results In Co/rhBMP-2　 group: 4 weeks after operation, a large amount of bone   formed in the defects;6 weeks later,new bone filled in the defects;8 weeks later,alveolar bone emerged,newly-formed periodontal ligament and cementum localized at the root edges,no gingival epithelium was observed.In Co group:4 weeks after operation, new bone  formed at the edge of the defects;6 weeks later,a larger amount of bone and periost were observed;8 weeks later,a small amount of periodontal ligament and cementum localized at the root edges.In control group:  4 weeks after operation, there was  a small amount of newly-formed bone at the edge of the defects;6 weeks later,collagen fibers were found at  the edge of defects;8 weeks later,a small amount of periodontal tissue reached its original height and gingival epithelium proliferated obviously.
Conclusion Collagen membrane combined with rhBMP-2 which has not only conductive effect but also effect of osteoinduction,can prevent the long-epithelium growing,maintain the growth gap,and promote periodontal tissue to regenerate.

Abstract:Objective To study the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rhBMP-7) on proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs) cultivated in vitro.  Methods The HPDLCs were tested Vimentin positive and Ck (pan) negative.Different dosages (50,100,200 and  400 μmol·L^-1 )　 of rhBMP-7 were added in the cultured HPDLCs．1,3,5 d after  administration of rhBMP-7,the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation  of HPDLCs were examined by  MTT assay and the activity of  alkaline phosphatase(ALP) was detected with ELISA.
Results The administration of rhBMP-7 significantly elevated the proliferation rate and differentiation  of HPDLCs with the dosage of l00,200 and 400 μmol·L^-1  respectively (P<0.01),no difference was found between  different dosages groups(P>0.05)．Moreover,rhBMP-7 significantly induced the osteogenic differentiation ability  with the increased expression level of ALP and 200 μmol·L^-1  was the most effective dosage in the differentiation ability.
Conclusion BMP-7 may participate in the remodeling of periodontal tissue by regulating the proliferation  and  osteogenic differentiation of HPDLCs.

Abstract:Objective To measure the change of serum interleukin-23 (IL-23) level before and after treatment with glucocortcoid and analyze the correlations between levels of IL-23 and IL-4， IFN-γ，IL-17, and explore the role of IL-23 in bronchial asthma.
Methods Thirty femal BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three group (n=10): group A (asthma model), group B (corticosteroid treatment) and group C (normal control). All mice were killed 24 h after final OVA challenge.The blood samples were obtained for measurements of serum IgE，IL-4，IFN-γ,IL-17and IL-23 levels by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).
Results The mouse asthma model appeared ethological changes specific to asthma.The level of OVA specific IgE in serum increased.The level of serum IL-4 increased and the level  of IFN-γ decreased.Correlation analysis showed negative relationship between  IL-4 and IFN-γ（r=－0.859，P＜0.01），there existed Th1／Th2 imbalance.The level of serum IL-23 in group A was higher than that in group C (P＜0.01). In mice treated with inhaled budesonide (group B)，the level of serum IL-23 was lower than that in group A (P＜0.01).The concentration of IL-23 had  no correlation with both IL-4 and IFN-γ.There was a positive correlation between the levels of serum IL-23 and IL-17 (r=0.763，P＜0.01).
Conclusion IL-23 in serum might be involved in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma，and could be inhibited by inhaled glucocorticoid. IL-23 has no relationship with IFN-γ and IL-4. It suggested that IL-23 might contribute to the development of asthma indirectly by inducing IL-17 generation.

Objective
To investigate the effect of trimetazine on vascular endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease.Methods  Fifty eight patients with coronary heart disease were divided into trimetazine group (n=30) and control group(n=28).With high resolution ultrasound，flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation(NMD), intima-media thickness(IMT) and the change rates of FMD and NMD,velocity of systolic phase of the brachial artery were measured in control group and trimetazine group.Results The FMD,NMD,the change rates of IMT with flow-mediated and nitroglycerin-mediated,velocity of systolic phase,resistent index(RI) of the brachial artery in trimetazine group and control group had no differences before treatment (P< 0.05）.The FMD and NMD,IMT,the change rates of IMT with flow-induced and nitroglycerin-induced,velocity of systolic phase and RI in trimetazine group were significantly higher than those in control group after treatment (P<0.05),but the IMT was lower than that in control group(P<0.05).
Conclusion Trimetazine can improve the vascular endothelial function of coronary heart disease.It can relieve the damage of endotheliocytes,and revival the function of endotheliocytes.

Objective To study the relationship between matrixmetalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) C-1562T gene polymorphism  and the clinical manifestations  in patients with IgA nephropathy.Methods The polymorphism of MMP-9 C-1562T gene in  85 IgA nephropathy  patients were detected with polymerase chain reation-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RELP),SPSS13.0 was used to  analyze the correlations between the gene polymorphism  and  pre-infection,gross hematuria,renal area pain,hypertension,renal fuction change,confirmed to clinical features of nephritic syndrome or not and the degree of microscopic hematuria.Results The genetypic frequency distributions of MMP-9 C-1562T gene in  IgA nephropathy patients  were CC 65(72.94%),CT 23(27.06%),TT 0(0%),they were not deviated from Hardy-Weinbery equilibrium. The genotypes of IgA  may be associated with urinary  protein(U=502.0,P=0.0454),unassociated with pre-infection,gross hematuria,renal area pain,hypertension,renal fuction change,confirmed to clinical features of nephritic syndrome or not and the degree of microscopic hematuria（P>0.05）.Conclusion On clinical,MMP-9 C-1562T genotype of IgA nephropathy patients may impact on the degree of urinary protein,but not other clinical manifestations,and  prognosis of IgA nephropathy.

Objective To investigate the genetic assaciation between tow single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2735343 and rs701848) of PTEN anti-oncogene and gastric carcinoma in Northern Han Chinese and to elucidate whether the two SNPs are susceptibility loci for gastric carcinoma in Northern Han Chinese.Methods The PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis was used to detect these two SNPs present in the PTEN gene among 58 sporic gastric carcinoma patients (case group) and 104 normal individuals (control group).The association between the polymorphisms and gastric carcinoma was analyzed with SPSS 10.0.  Results The fragment of rs2735343 was 272　bp,and three genotypes (GG,GC,CC) were found after digestion;The fragment of rs701848 was 394 bp,and three genotypes (TT,TC,CC) were also found after digestion;The genotypic frequencies of rs2735343 and rs701848 were not deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium either in case group (P=0.062;P=0.055) or control group (P=0.246;P=0.692). The allelic and genotypic frequencies of rs2735343 and rs701848 had no remarkable difference between case and control groups (P>0.05).Conclusion Neither rs2735343 nor rs701848 of the PTEN gene is not associated with gastric carcinoma,they may not be susceptibility loci for gastric carcinoma in Northern Han Chinese.

Objective To investigate the association between  methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism and  habitual abortion in   northeast China population,interpret its possible molecular basis,and provide scientific evidence for this disease’s gene diagnosis and provide new ideas of precaution,therapy and prognosis for the women with susceptibility to habitual abortion.
Methods Polymerase chain reaction-restrictive fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to detect the MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism in 50 normal　 health control women with breed history (control group) and 56 cases with habitual abortion (case group).Results MTHFR gene C677T existed three genotypes:CC,CT,and TT.The genotypic frequency  of CC,CT and TT had  significant difference between control and case groups (χ²=6.254，P=0.044).The genotypic frequency had significant difference between TT and CC (χ²=6.345，P=0.012).The genotypic frequency had no significant difference between TT and CT (χ²=2.099，P=0.147).The allelic frequency had significant differences between T and C (χ²=7.054，P=0.008，OR=2.098,  95%CI:1.210-3.636). Conclusion MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism has relationship with habitual abortion from northeast China population and T allele may be one of the genetic susceptibility factors to habitual abortion.

Objective To investigate the myocardium protection of  cardiomyopeptide for injection against ischemia-reperfusion injury  during open heart surgery withcardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).Methods Thirty patients scheduled for elective cardiac valvular replacement were divided into two groups.In treatment group (n=15),
 cardiomyopeptide for injection  was used during CPB;but in control group (n=15),no cardiomyopeptide for injection was used.Blood samples were drawn from the radial artery at the following time points: before CPB(T0);at release of aortic declamping(T1);30 min after aortic declamping(T2);12 h after aortic declamping(T3);24 h after aortic declamping(T4).The levels of creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme(CK-MB),cardiac troponin I(cTnI) in plasma  were measured.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was used to measure the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)in plasma.Ejection fraction(EF) was measured at the 7th day after operation.Results The levels of CK-MB，cTnI,and TNF-α in plasma in two groups showed no difference before CPB(P>0.05).The levels of CK-MB and TNF-α in two groups were  significantly increased30 min after aortic declamping than  release of aortic declamping (P<0.05).The levels of CK-MB and TNF-α in plasma in treatment group were significantly lower than those in control group 30 min,12 h and 24 h after aortic declamping(P<0.05).The plasma concentrations of cTnI in two groups were  significantly increased at release of aortic declamping (P<0.05).The concentrations of cTnI in treatment group were significantly lower than those in  control group at T1,T2,T3,T4(P<0.05).EF in treatment group  was significantly higher than that in  control group at the 7th day after operation(P<0.05).Conclusion Cardiomyopeptide for injection can  protect myocardium and reduce the acute inflammatory response during CPB and improve heart function after operation.
 

Abstract:Objective To investigate the rate of vaginal colonization of Candida species in patients with diabetes,and to discuss the relationship between prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis（VVC） and diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods Genital tract examination and fungal cultures of discharge taken among 144 patients with DM (DM group) and 150 healthy subjects (control group) were performed.Chrom Agar Candida  mediums were used to study the isolates of 64 strains cultured in 144 participants.Results The isolated rates of Candida species were 44.4%（64/144）　in subjects with DM and 18%（27/150）in healthy subjects,the isolated rate of Candida species in DM group was prominently higher than that in control group (P<0.05).C.albicans were 75.0%（48/64）in DM group and  51.9%（14/27）in control group,the constituent ratio of C. albicans in DM group was higher than that in control group (P<0.05).The  isolated rates of Candida species were 64.3%（36/56） in symptomatic group and 31.8%（28/88） in asymptomatic group among patients with DM， the isolated rate of Candida species in symptomatic group was prominently higher than that in asymptomatic group (P<0.05).C. albicans were 88.8%（32/36）in symptomatic group and 57.1%（16/28）in asymptomatic group, the constituent ratio of C. albicans in symptomatic group was higher than that in asymptomatic group (P<0.05). Candida glabrata were 2.8%（1/36）in symptomatic group and 28.6%（8/28）in asymptomatic group, the constituent ratio of Candida glabrata in asymptomatic group was higher than that in symptomatic group (P<0.05).Conclusion Patients with DM have a high risk of vaginal colonization.It seems that Candida albicans is a major pathogenic strain and Candida glabrata is significant in asymptomatic patients with DM.

Abstract:Objective To observe whether there are some immunity molecules in the lacrimal sac mucosa,and to testify the immune ability of lacrimal sac mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Methods The primary antibodies (IgA,IgG,SC, and
 lysozyme) in 8 normal human lacrimal sac mucosa were detected with SP method, at the same time the IgA,IgG,SC,and lysozyme in the inferior turbinate mucosa were al
so detected. Results The positive expressions of IgA,IgG,SC and lysozyme in the inferior turbinate and lacrimal sac mucosa were found. The expressions of IgA in the inferior turbinate mucosa was stronger than that in lacrimal sac mucosa (P<0.05). The expressions of IgG,SC and lysozyme were similar in both tissues (P>0.05). The positive cell expression rates of all immunity molecules in both tissues were similar（P>0.05）. Conclusion The lacrimal sac mucosa contains  IgA,IgG,SC and lysozyme. It suggests that lacrimal sac mucosa posses the immune  function;the mucosa should be protected during the treatment of lacrimal sac diseases.

Objective To study the  length changes of the inferior glenohumeral ligament(IGHL) during shoulder abduction with MRI and 3D software.Methods Fourteen  right shoulder joints of 14 healthy volunteers were evaluated in 7 isometric abduction positions (0°,30°,60°,90°,120°,150°,and 180°) using MRI scanning.3D shoulder models were reconstructed and the attachment points of the ligaments were located.The shortest ligament lengths were calculated between each origin and insertion in 3D space for each abduction position.Results During shoulder abduction,the 3D distance of AIGHL was found to elongate and attained the maximal length at 120° abduction(54.5 mm±3.0 mm) (P< 0.05).Pouch and PIGHL reached the maximal lengths at 180° abduction(54.5 mm±3.0 mm,50.6 mm±3.1 mm) (P< 0.05).Conclusion AIGHL prevents anterior dislocation of the humeral head at 120°  abduction.In 180° abduction,pouch can maintain the anterior stability and PIGHL has the contribution to the inferior stability.

Objective
To study the influence of different implant diameters on the implant-bone-interface stress distributions in zygomatic implant denture and illustrate the correlation between implant diameter and long-dated success rate of zygomatic implant denture. Methods Three-dimensional finite element model for maxilla and zygoma was established biomechanically in this study by spiral CT technique and finite element software technique,and zygomatic implant was simulated into the model in the first-maxillary-molar region.Zygomatic-implant-denture load cases　concerning different implant diameters（3.5,4.0 and 5.0 mm） were designed and loaded vertically,obliquely. The implant-bone-interface stress distributions were analyzed by 3-D finite element method. Results The model could be observed from any angle,and had good geometric similarity compared with CT image.Stress peak values among these load cases with different diameters were compared,the load case with 3.5 mm diameter appeared the largest stress peak value,the load case with 4.0 mm diameter appeared the larger stress peak value and the load case with 5.0 mm diameter appeared the least stress peak value.As the implant diamater increased（3.5 mm→4.0 mm→5.0 mm）,the compressive and tensive stress peak values of implant-bone interface in the maxillary alveolar ridge and the zygomatic area near maxillary sinus roof decreased gradually,the stress of implant-bone interface in the maxillary alveolar ridge was significantly larger than that of implant-bone interface in the zygoma area and compressive stress peak value was larger than tensive stress peak value.  Conclusion The implant-bone-interface stress distributions tend towards uniformity as the implant diameter increases. Select wider-diameter implant as possible as the residual bone permitted clinically.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrosomy for complicated renal calculi between holimium laser  lithotripsy and ultrasonic lithotripsy.Methods 315 cases were analyzed including the average time of lithotripsy,the rate of  stone completely expelled and the rate of complications.
Results The average time of lithotripsy in ultrasound group(56 min)was lower than that in laser group(82 min) (P<0.01) ；the clearnce rate of  stone  at stage Ⅰ　operation  in ultrasound group(81.5%)was higher than that in laser group (65.5%) (P<0.01) ；the average hospitalization time in ultrasound group(6 d) was less than that in laser group(8 d) (P<0.05) ；the incidence of hemoglobin decrease in ultrasound group(5.0%) was lower than that in laser group(12.7%)(P<0.05).Conclusion Percutaneous nephrostomy with ultrasonic lithotripter for complicated renal calculi has the advautages of mini-invasion,less operative duration,radid recovery,safety and very effective and faster clearance compared with laser lithotripsy.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of young rectal carcinomain in order to improve the diagnostic level and therapeutic efficacy at the early stage.Methods Clinical data,including clinical manifestations,misdiagnosis,clinical pathology and prognosis which from 47 cases of young rectal carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively and compared with those from 99 cases of old rectal carcinoma. Results The average course of disease was 6.98 months in young patient group,it was shorter than that in old patient group(9.16 months).The misdiagnosis rate of young group(61.70%) was significantly higher than that in old group(28.28%)(P<0.05).　The average distance between tumor and the anal verge was 6.94 cm in young group and  7.01 cm in old group, there was no difference between them. The occurrence of mucouis adenocarcinoma,low differentiated adenocarcinoma,and signet cell carcinoma in young group (52.18%) was higher than that in old group(30.52%)(P<0.05).Lymph node metastasis was found in 52.17% of young patients,which was much higher than old group(23.16%) ( P<0.05).Both preoperative and postoperative complications in young group were less than those in old group (P＜0.05).The overall 5-year survival rates in young and old groups were similar(45.7% and 56.2%)(P＞ 0.05).Conclusion Compared with the old patients,advanced stage and poorly differentiated carcinoma are more common in young patients with rectal carcinoma.But the 5-year survival rates of the young and old patients are similar.In addition,T stage and lymph node metastasis are the independent prognostic factors. Therefore,early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to improve the survival rate in young patients with rectal carcinoma.

Abstract:Objective To analyze and evaluate the applications of diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) and diffusion weighted imaging(DWI) in cerebral infarction. Methods 84 cases with different phases cerebral infarction（6 cases in super-acute,30 cases in acute,26 cases in sub-acute and 22 cases in chronic phase） were performed by routine MRI,DWI and DTI scan,apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC),fractional anisotropy (FA) and the signal changes of DWI of the leision and the conlateral side were calculated and compared;The relationships among DWI,FA and ADC in different phases of cerebral infarction were analyzed. Results The leisons of super-acute and acute cerebral infarction showed obviously high signal on DWI images,and low signal in chronic cerebral infarction.The mean relative  ADC  (rADC) values of sub-acute and chronic cerebral infarction were higher than those of super-acute and acute cerebral infarction（P<0.05）.The FA values in 45 cases with different phases cerebral infarction (4 cases in super-acute,16 cases in acute,14 cases in sub-acute and 11 cases in chronic phase)  were all lower than those in conlateral regions（P<0.05）.Conclusion DWI and DTI can detect super-acute and acute lesions,the combination of DWI and conventional MRI can differentiate the phases of cerebral infarction.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes between Yanbian area of China and South Korea.Methods 339 cases of uterine cervical cancer and its precursors were selected from Dept.of Pathology,Korea University Medical Center.Meanwhile,296 cases of uterine cervical cancer and its precursors,cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were selected from Dept.of Pathology,Yanbian University Hospital and Yanbian Women’s Hospital.All of these cases were stained by HE,and appropriated blocks were selected for DNA extraction.And HPV genotypes were performed by oligonucleotide microarray (DNA chip).Results In Yanbian area of China,the positive rates of high-risk HPV were 32.6% in CIN-1,52.6% in CIN-2,54.7% in CIN-3,94.0% in squamous cell carcinoma(SCC),66.7% in cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasm (CGIN)and 85.2% in adenocarcinoma. In South Korea,the positive rates of high-risk HPV were 34.6% in CIN-1,54.1% in CIN-2,63.2% in CIN-3,95.3% in SCC,66.7% in CGIN and 87.1% in adenocarcinoma.There was no significant difference between Yanbian of China and South Korea.HPV16 was the most common type in SCC,and HPV18 was followed.However,both HPV18 and 16 were the main types in cervical adenocarcinoma,and the positive rate of HPV18 was slightly higher than that of  HPV16.The multi-types of HPV infection cases were found in South Korea compared with  Yanbian area of China,such as the mixed infection of HPV16,18,31,33,52,58,66 and so on.The positive rates of multi-types HPV infection were 9.1% in CIN-2,16.7% in CIN-3,14.9% in SCC and 14.8% in adenocarcinoma in South Korea.Conclusion  HPV16 is the most common type in SCC of the cervix in both Yanbian area of China and South Korea,however both HPV18 and 16 are main types in adenocarcinoma of the cervix,in which the infection rate of HPV18 is slightly higher that of  than HPV16. Meanwhile,the cases of multi-types HPV infection are more frequently observed in South Korea than in Yanbian area of China.

Abstract:Objective To reveal the geographical distribution regularity of normal reference value of infant boys’red blood cell count in China,and provide scientific basis for making its unified standards. Methods A research is made about relationship between the normal reference value of 3 480 examples of Chinese healthy infant boys’red blood cell count and eight geographical factors in 25 areas in China; the normal reference value was determined by the microscopical counting method.Results The correlation of geographical factors and the normal reference value of Chinese infant boys’red blood cell count are quite significant (F=34.73,P=0.000).Applying the method of mathematical regression analysis,one regression equation was inferred:Y=－36.06＋0.002420X₁－0.01509X₂＋0.9126X₃＋0.3107X₅＋0.1022X₆＋0.008929X₇＋1.085X₈±0.42.Conclusion If geographical values are obtained in some areas,the normal reference value of Chinese infant boys’ red blood cell count of this area can be reckoned using the regression equation.Furthermore,according to the similarity of the normal reference value of Chinese infant boys’ red blood cell count,China can be divided into eight regions.

Abstract:Objective To study the development of Arbidol hydrochloride(Ahyd) multi-layers controlled-released preparation and evaluate its  release rate  in order to provide  the basis for Ahyd pharmacodynamics reseach. Methods Ahyd multi-layers was used  as experiment group and Ahyd single-layer as control,high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to examine releasing level of two groups for calculating parameters of  drug metabolism and bioavailability.Results Compared with Ahyd single-layer,the multi-layers controlled-released preparation had several significant advantages as below:C_max fell remarkably(P<0.01);T_max,T_1/2ka,T_1/2ke,AUC_(0-10) and (MRT) increased(P<0.01).The multi-layers preparation could maintain 12 h,its relative bioavailability reached 189.3%. Conclusion The multi-layers controlled-released preparation of Ahyd has simple technique,better stability and permanent effect,all of which have met designed requirements.